FIGURE 3 Role of T cells on the T2DM pathway. The activation of intracellular signals by cytokines secreted by T cells helps to promote or inhibit the pathogenesis of T2DM. GLUT, glucose transporter type; IL-4, interleukin-4; IL-17, interleukin-17; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL-10, interleukin-10; TNF, necrosis factor; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; IL-6, interleukin-6; IRS, insulin substrate; JAK, Janus kinase; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; c-Raf, Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase; MEK1/2, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 1 and 2; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; STAT, signal transducer and activators of transcription; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol triphosphate 3; AKT, protein kinase B; mTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; JNK, Jun amino-terminal kinase; IKK, inhibitor of kappa B kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B.