Molecular diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis plays an essential role in the epidemiological knowledge of the disease. Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis represents a risk to human health. This study aimed to perform the genotypic characterization of M. bovis isolated from bovines diagnosed as tuberculosis from dairy herds in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Granulomas from 30 bovines were sent for microbiological culture and colonies compatible with Mycobacterium spp were obtained in at least one culture from 17/30 granulomas. All isolates were confirmed to be M. tuberculosis bovis by spoligotyping and 24loci MIRU-VNTR typing. While spoligotyping characterized the isolates as SB0121, SB0295, SB0852, SB0120 and an unclassified genotype, 24loci MIRU-VNTR rendered two clusters of two isolates each and 13 unique profiles. Loci ETR-A showed higher discriminatory power, and loci (ETR-B, ETR-C, MIRU16, MIRU27 and QUB26) showed moderate allelic diversity. This is the first study on genetic variability of the infectious agent cause of bovine TB in Pernambuco and demonstrates variability of strains in the state. Thus, it corroborates the importance of this microorganism as agent of bovine tuberculosis and its zoonotic potential, being this epidemiological tool determinant in the rigor of the sanitary practices of disease control in dairy herds.

Animal tuberculosis (TB) is a widespread infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) that can persist in reservoir wildlife hosts. Wild boar (sus scrofa) are a key reservoir for MTC and an increasing trend in wild boar density is expected to lead to an increase in TB prevalence with spill-over to livestock. MTC infection is presently controlled through a variety of strategies, including culling. African swine fever (ASF) is a virulent, viral infection which affects wild boar and is spreading across Eurasia and Oceania. ASF infection leads to near 100% mortality at the individual level, can cause a dramatic decrease in population density and may therefore lead to TB control. In this study we develop a mathematical model to examine the impact of ASF introduction into a wild boar population that supports endemic TB. Our model results indicate that an ASF infection will reduce wild boar population density and lead to a decrease in the prevalence of TB. If ASF persists in the local host population the model predicts the long-term decline of TB prevalence in wild boar. If ASF is eradicated, or fades-out in the local host population, the model predicts a slower recovery of TB prevalence in comparison to wild boar density after an ASF epidemic. This may open a window of opportunity to apply TB management to maintain low TB prevalence.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral transboundary disease of small ruminants that causes significant damage to agriculture. The disease has not been previously registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK). This paper presents an assessment of the susceptibility of the RK territory to the spread of this disease in case of its importation from infected countries. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models trained on the PPR outbreaks in China were used to rank municipal districts of the RK in terms of the risk of PPR spread. Spatial density of outbreaks was used as a risk indicator while a number of socio-economic, landscape and climatic indicators were considered as explanatory variables. The Exploratory Regression tool was used to reveal a best combination of independent variables based on specified thresholds of R-squared, variables’ multicollinearity and residuals’ normality and autocorrelation. The small ruminants’ density, the maximum green vegetation fraction, the annual mean temperature, the road length and density as well as the cattle density were the most significant factors. Both OLS and GWR demonstrated nearly similar model performance providing a global adjusted R-squared of 0.61. Applied to the RK, the models show the greatest risk of PPR spread in the south-eastern and northern regions of the country, especially within Almaty, Zhambyl, Turkistan, West Kazakhstan and East Kazakhstan regions. As part of the study, a country-wise survey was carried out to collect data on the distribution of livestock population the RK, which resulted in compiling a complete geo-database of small ruminants’ holdings in the country. The research results can be used to form a national strategy for the prevention of the importation and spread of PPR in Kazakhstan through targeted monitoring in high-risk areas.

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis is rarely detected in Europe, but the clinical disease in pigs, was reported in wild boars. Salmonellosis caused by S. Choleraesuis has never been confirmed in Serbia, as in many other countries in Europe. In April 2019, on one large farrow-to-finish pig farm, an increase in mortality in weaned piglets with lethargy, anorexia, pyrexia and respiratory distress was reported. Gross pathology revealed dermal cyanosis, mesenteric lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, interstitial pneumonia and colitis. By direct culturing of lung, liver, spleen and lymph nodes S. Choleraesuis variant Kunzendorf was isolated. This is the first report on the detection of S. Choleraesuis in domestic pigs in Serbia and re-appearance of salmonellosis due to S. Choleraesuis after decades of absence of disease on pig farms in Europe, which provides useful information about the epidemiology of this agent on the European continent. However, the definitive source for this outbreak and origin of infection still have to be elucidated.

We analyze risk factors correlated with the initial transmission growth rate of the recent COVID-19 pandemic in different countries. The number of cases follows in its early stages an almost exponential expansion; we chose as a starting point in each country the first day $d_i$ with 30 cases and we fitted for 12 days, capturing thus the early exponential growth. We looked then for linear correlations of the exponents $\alpha$ with other variables, for a sample of 126 countries. We find a positive correlation, {\it i.e. faster spread of COVID-19}, with high confidence level with the following variables, with respective $p$-value: low Temperature ($4\cdot10^{-7}$), high ratio of old vs.~working-age people ($3\cdot10^{-6}$), life expectancy ($8\cdot10^{-6}$), number of international tourists ($1\cdot10^{-5}$), earlier epidemic starting date $d_i$ ($2\cdot10^{-5}$), high level of physical contact in greeting habits ($6 \cdot 10^{-5}$), lung cancer prevalence ($6 \cdot 10^{-5}$), obesity in males ($1 \cdot 10^{-4}$), share of population in urban areas ($2\cdot10^{-4}$), cancer prevalence ($3 \cdot 10^{-4}$), alcohol consumption ($0.0019$), daily smoking prevalence ($0.0036$), UV index ($0.004$, smaller sample, 73 countries), low Vitamin D serum levels ($0.002-0.006$, smaller sample, $\sim 50$ countries). There is highly significant correlation also with blood type: positive correlation with types RH- ($3\cdot10^{-5}$) and A+ ($3\cdot10^{-3}$), negative correlation with B+ ($2\cdot10^{-4}$). We also find positive correlation with moderate confidence level ($p$-value of $0.02\sim0.03$) with: CO$_2$/SO emissions, type-1 diabetes in children, low vaccination coverage for Tuberculosis (BCG). Several of the above variables are correlated with each other and likely to have common interpretations. We thus performed a Principal Component Analysis, in order to find the significant independent linear combinations of such variables. We also analyzed the possible existence of a bias: countries with low GDP-per capita, typically located in warm regions, might have less intense testing and we discuss correlation with the above variables

Bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) was initially described in 2018 from cases of severe dermatitis in Swiss populations of the common toad (Bufo bufo). We identified a closely related herpes virus strain in a German toad population affected by an epidemic of multifocal proliferative to ulcerative dermatitis.

Background: There is an urgent need to improve health outcomes among severe COVID-19 patients. Therefore, this study aimed to demystify efficacy and safety of tocilizumab among those patients based on the best available evidence. Methods: Nine electronic databases were searched for relevant studies by three authors in July using search terms “tocilizumab”, “COVID”, “SARS”. The last date checked was 26 August, 2020. Eligible studies were assessed through an inclusion criterion focused on cohort studies and severe COVID-19 adult patients. Any disagreement between the authors was resolved by discussions. Primary outcomes were mortality and clinical improvement, while secondary outcomes were tocilizumab-related adverse effects. Results: Tocilizumab reduced the mortality rate by 41%, 40%, 28%, and 37% in 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. There was neither statistically significant difference between the tocilizumab group and the control group in the clinical improvement (pooled risk ratio1.21 [0.89, 1.64]) nor in respiratory support change. There were no difference between the two groups in the occurrence of serious adverse events (pooled risk difference 0.00 [-0.02, 0.03]), bacteremia (pooled risk ratio 1.25 [0.80, 1.97]), elevation of liver functions (pooled risk difference -0.00 [-0.03, 0.02]) and infusion related reactions (pooled risk difference 0.01 [-0.02, 0.03]). However, the occurrence of neutropenia (pooled risk ratio 9.23 [1.06, 80.24]) and new infections (pooled risk difference 0.07 [0.00, 0.14]) were more likely in the tocilizumab group. Conclusion: Because of the reported adverse effects of tocilizumab in treating severe COVID-19 patients, the use of that biological agent should be limited to selected patients based on the best available evidence.

Many emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic and transmitted by an arthropod vector; thus, the Global One Health perspective is necessary for a better understanding of these diseases. Bartonellosis, one of those emerging infectious diseases, is caused by bacteria of the genus Bartonella, and can have different clinical manifestations in humans and animals. Opossums and their ectoparasites have been linked to human-wildlife conflicts. Knowing this, we aimed to evaluate infection by Bartonella spp. in free-living opossums seized or rescued from Atlantic Forest biome of Rio de Janeiro (southeastern Brazil). Whole blood was obtained from seven Didelphis aurita and eight D. albiventris, and DNA was assessed by conventional and quantitative polymerase chain reactions (PCR and qPCR). Positivity was achieved in 40.0% (PCR) and 46.7% (qPCR) of the samples, revealing, possibly for the first time, the presence of Bartonella spp. DNA in opossums from peri-urban areas of Atlantic Forest biome. Studies should continue, in order to elucidate synanthropic mammals importance in bartonellosis epidemiology.

Different samples (i.e. stool, blood, urine, sputum, wound swabs, nasal swabs etc.) from 127 patients with suspected gram-negative infections based on on-site performed Gram-stain from four public hospitals between March and September 2015 in Lagos, Nigeria were analysed. Klebsiella (K.) pneumonia was identified in 43 (34%) patients. Resistance rates of these 43 strains according to the CLSI breakpoints were as followed: cotrimoxazole (90.7%), cefuroxime (74.4%), ofloxacin (55.8%), ceftazidime (46.5%), and cefixime (35%). Three isolates (7%) were resistant to imipenem. All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and nitrofurantoin. The prevalence of ESBL-producing and carbapenem resistant strains (CRKP) was 69.8% and 7.0%, respectively. Of the ESBL producing isolates, two K. pneumoniae isolates obtained from urine harbored both blaCTX-M-1 and blaSHV and a third isolate from urine harbored only blaCTX-M-1. Emerging of CRKP strains is an early warning signal for the prudent use of carbapenem antibiotics in concern to their efficacies.

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease that mainly affects goats and sheep in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. The PPR virus (PPRV) can be classified into four genetically distinct lineages (I, II, III, and IV). All have been historically present in Africa, except the Asian lineage IV that has been spreading across the globe and Africa for the last decades. Previous studies have identified the presence of the lineage IV in Nigeria since 2010. In this study, samples were taken from 268 small ruminants with PPR symptoms across Nigeria in 2017-2018 to provide an update on the distribution and genetic diversity of the lineage IV in the country. Sequence from a portion of the PPRV nucleoprotein (N) gene could be obtained from 72 samples, and all but one belonged to lineage IV. Phylogenetic analysis identified at least 5 lineage IV sub-clusters in Nigeria, re-grouping samples across multiple regions. Our results suggest an extensive endemic circulation of PPRV lineage IV across Nigeria and across borders with neighbouring countries, highlighting the difficulty of the control of this disease in the region.

LSD is a notifiable disease caused by lumpy skin disease virus belonging to Poxviridae family leading to high economic losses. LSD is transmitted by an insect vector, contaminated vehicles, and equipment. It causes generalized lymphadenitis, circumscribed skin nodules, and subcutaneous edema of limbs and ventral parts of the body. The first case of LSD was seen in Nepal on 24th June 2020 in Morang. Jersey cross-bred showed higher susceptibility to LSD over Holstein-Friesian and buffalo. Morbidity and mortality were obtained to be around (3-7) % and (0.5-1) % in cattle and (2-3) % and 0% in buffaloes respectively to date. The vaccine isn’t available in Nepal and is being focused on the isolation and symptomatic treatment of infected animals.

The impact of asymptomatic carriers on the survival of Mycoplasma bovis in the environment and the role of wildlife in transmitting M. bovis still requires to be extensively studied. In this study, we have extended the arsenal of factors implicated in pathogenicity of M. bovis to shed light on the current knowledge gap. A number of 460 lung samples (pneumonic; n=210 and apparently healthy; n=250) were randomly collected from one hundred humped camels (Camelus domedarius). Biochemically, 13/210 of the recovered isolates (27.3%) from the pneumonic lungs were recorded as putative mycoplasmas and to be confirmed by PCR to be M. bovis. Infection with M. bovis was not detected in the apparently healthy lungs. They were examined for their phenotypic virulence traits and antimicrobial resistance. Haemolysis and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) production was evident in 100% of the isolates. All 13 M. bovis isolates were weak in their ability to form biofilm on polystyrene surfaces and were 100% susceptible to florfenicol, spiromycin and streptomycin while 100% resistant to ciprofloxacin. Five different combinations of antibiotics representing one to three classes with the Macrolide erythromycin being the most represented. Surprisingly, we did not detect the uvrC and gapA virulence genes by PCR, however we did detect the vsp gene in 2 out of 13 isolates. In addition, we detected the parC gene encoding quinolone resistance in 2 out of 13 M. bovis isolates, but did not detect the gyrA gene. Moreover, we have showed H2S, a compound that has previously not been identified as a virulence factor in M. bovis.

INTRODUCTION: Information regarding open garbage dumps may cause public health dilemma within the community and cause stray dog proliferation. Most wastes have a family origin and stray dogs are largely attracted by possible wastes from cookery or former foods. The information, besides as attitudes and perception on rabies, is thus vital for the prevention of human deaths. Information regarding major factors associated with increased dog population can spot awareness gaps which can influence bar practices plus lead to needless deaths. METHODS: Two sources i.e. primary and secondary sources were utilized for identifying the probable factors responsible for increased dog population. These factors primarily included garbage management, specific control measures for dog population by stakeholders and perception of people. The secondary source includes Srinagar Municipal Corporation, for collecting the relevant information RESULTS: Regarding the major factors associated with increases dog population, the respondents (both the people 99.68% and commercial 100%) believed that open garbage dumps are a public health barrier in the area and commence to stray dog proliferation. Also combined rabies control measures coupling dog population control, removal of dog free-roaming and proliferation must be fulfilled. Till date around 2,000 sterilizations were conducted and also around 2,000 stray dogs were administered the anti-rabies vaccine. CONCLUSION: Open garbage dumps are a public health obstacle in the Srinagar area and they commence to stray dogs proliferation. Till date only around 2,000 sterilizations were conducted and also around 2,000 stray dogs were administered the anti-rabies vaccine, however, this is too less in comparison with the total population of dogs and still, the ballot of dogs from the particular zones of Srinagar is deficient.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV) and 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pose a serious threat to human health. To determine the genetic relationships between the two clades and the genetic mechanism of origin of 2019-nCoV, we compared the whole genomic sequences of SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV and dissected their phylogenetic histories. Surprisingly, we found that the two clades have frequently exchanged genetic material through homologous recombination in recent decades. Nearly 2/3 of the genetic material of CoVZC45 comes from 2019-nCoV lineage, while the other 1/3 descends from SARS-CoV clade. In particular, the 2019-nCoV lineage might have acquired its receptor-binding domain from the SARS-CoV clade, enabling 2019-nCoV to bind to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and helping it to spread rapidly in humans. Our findings suggest the role of a virus of the SARS-CoV clade in causing COVID-19 and warn of the possible emergence of more mosaic CoVs capable of causing severe epidemics.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a vector-borne viral disease affecting cattle and water buffalo. This disease causes huge economic losses to dairy farmers due to the drastic reduction in milk production. This study describes the first confirmed outbreak of LSD in cattle and water buffalo from the Gandaki province of Nepal. Suspected outbreak sites in Kaski and Tanahun district of Gandaki Province were visited and 42 samples from 16 animals (12 cattle and 4 water buffalo) from 9 farms showing clinical signs were sampled and tested for LSD at the Central Veterinary Laboratory using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Clinical features exhibited by affected animals and their farm characteristics were recorded. The result showed that all 16 animals were positive for LSD. The overall morbidity was 4.85% (95% CI= 3.01- 7.73%) with cattle (7.23%) having higher morbidity compared to water buffaloes (2.44%). However, none of the affected animals died. In total, 93.7% (n= 15/16) of the affected animals had a milk loss with an average milk reduction of 58.7%. The major clinical features observed were swollen lymph nodes (100%), nasal and lachrymal discharge (81.25%), nodular lesions in skin (75%), and fever (50%). Vectors were present in all 9 farms and 5 out of 9 farms had a history of the introduction of new animals. In conclusion, this is the first official confirmation of LSD in the Gandaki province of Nepal. As the potential socio-economic impact of this is high due to the loss of milk production, the Gandaki province government in collaboration with the federal government should develop an appropriate control strategy including vaccination. We suggest government to practice risk-based ring vaccination in susceptible cattle and buffaloes surrounding the confirmed cases. Besides, cattle and buffalo movement need to be regulated. Keywords: Capripoxvirus; Large ruminants; Outbreak investigation; Vector; Vaccines

Myxomatosis is an emergent disease in Iberian hare, having been considered a rabbit disease for decades. Genome sequencing of the strains obtained from affected Iberian hares showed to be distinct from the classical strains that circulated in rabbits since the virus introduction in Europe, in 1952. The main genomic difference concerns the presence of an additional 2.8Kb region disrupting the M009L gene and adding a set of genes with homology to the MYXV genes M060R, M061, M064 and M065R originated in poxviruses. After the emergence of this recombinant virus (MYXV-Tol or ha-MYXV), in the summer of 2019, the recombinant MYXV was not detected in rabbit surveys suggesting apparent species segregation with the MYXV classic strains persistently circulating in rabbits. Recently, a group of six unvaccinated European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus) from a backyard rabbitry in the South Portugal, developed signs of myxomatosis (anorexia, dyspnoea, oedema of eyelids, head, ears, external genitals and anus, and skin myxomas in the base of the ears), five of them dying within 24-48 hours of symptoms onset. Molecular analysis revealed that only the recombinant myxoma virus was present. This is the first documented report of a recombinant myxoma virus (ha-MYXV)  in farm rabbits associated with high mortality, which aggravates the concern for the future of the Iberian hare and wild rabbits and the safety of the rabbit industry against which the existing vaccines may not be fully protective.

Coxiella burnetii is a causative agent of Q fever which is highly infectious zoonotic disease. C. burnetii has become one of the most important causes of abortion in livestock, which can lead to widespread abortions in these animals. There are very limited studies on the prevalence of C. burnetii infection in cases of animal abortion in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate C. burnetii in livestock abortion samples in Iran. Abortion samples from cattle, sheep and goat were collected from different parts of Iran and were tested using Real-time PCR targeting IS1111 gene of C. burnetii. In this study, 36 samples (24.66%) of the 146 collected samples were positive for C. burnetii. The prevalence of C. burnetii was 21.78% (20 of 94 samples) in sheep samples. Also, 10 of 46 cattle samples (21.74%) were positive. All six goat abortion samples were positive for C. burnetii. The findings of the study demonstrate that C. burnetii have important role in livestock abortions in Iran and more attention should be paid to Q fever by the health care system and veterinary organization.

The possibility of co-infection with other respiratory pathogens in COVID-19 remains unclear. This study aims to expand the knowledge of distribution and associated factors of co-infection in COVID-19 patients, and to assess the impact of co-infection on COVID-19 prognosis. Both univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify independent factors for co-infection. Cox regression was conducted to detect the association between co-infection and negative conversion after controlling other related factors. The rate of co-infection with at least one of other respiratory pathogens was 76.4%. 83.3% of co-infection cases were detected bacterial co-infection, followed by 31.0% with viral co-infection. Over 70% of neutrophils proportion (OR: 4.563; 95%CI: 1.116-18.648) was independently factors for bacterial co-infection, but fever (HR: 4.506; 95%CI: 1.044-19.441) and chest tightness (OR: 0.106; 95%CI: 0.015-0.743) for viral co-infection. The strongest promotion of negative conversion was detected with co-infection of only viruses (HR: 4.039; 95%CI: 1.238-13.177), and the weakest was found for co-infection of only bacteria (HR: 2.909; 95%CI: 1.308-6.472). The promotion of mixed bacteria and viruses was between co-infection of only bacteria and only viruses (OR: 3.242; 95%CI: 1.171-8.977). A higher proportion of bacterial co-infection is detected in comparison with viral co-infection among COVID-19 patients. Over 70% of neutrophils proportion, fever and chest tightness are independent factors associated with specific co-infection in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, different types of co-infection could variously result in a promoted negative conversion of COVID-19.

A serious disease was recorded in juvenile Pacific abalone in Fujian Province, China in 2018. Although this disease caused no obvious external lesions, affected abalone exhibited bleached pedal epithelial cells and a lack of attachment ability. Bacterial strains were collected and cultured from the mucus of moribund and healthy abalone. A novel method was developed for screening abalone pathogens, based on the important role of mucus in the innate immunity of marine organisms. Using bacterial isolation, sequence analysis, and experimental challenges in vitro and in vivo, we identified the bacterial strains pathogenic to abalone. We verified that abalone mortality rates were high when exposed to Pseudoalteromonas shioyasakiensis strain SDCH87 at high temperatures. This opportunistic pathogen had an outstanding growth ability in mucus, and disrupted first line mucosal immunity in the foot within three days. The unprecedented sea surface temperatures associated with the record-breaking 2018 heatwave in south China may have induced opportunistic pathogenic behavior in P. shioyasakiensis. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that P. shioyasakiensis is a serious opportunistic pathogen of abalone, or possibly mollusks in general, in the context of a heatwave.

Aujeszky’s disease in cattle is caused by Suid herpes virus 1. The natural infection has been reported worldwide in bovine species and it is connected to direct and indirect contact with infected suids, which represent the main reservoir of the disease. Here is reported the first documented outbreak of Aujeszky’s disease in cattle in Sicily (Italy). Severe itching and nonspecific neurological symptoms were the main reported clinical signs. No characteristic gross and histological features were reported rather than cutaneous lesions caused by excessive pruritus and hyperaemia, haemorrhages and inflammation in the central nervous system. Diagnosis was confirmed by real time PCR and immunohistochemistry on the nervous tissue. The route of infection remained unknown, but serological data observed in pigs living in close cohabitation with cattle revealed a circulation of a wild strain of the virus in the area. This study contributes to a better knowledge of this disease in an aberrant host and suggests the need of increase the prophylaxis control plans in specific breeding contexts.

There is some evidence that West Nile virus (WNV), which causes encephalomyelitis in equids, is an emerging disease in Europe. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the seroprevalence of West Nile virus in equids in European countries between 2001 and 2018. Two electronic databases, PubMed and Scopus, were searched for relevant publications published from 2001 to 2018 using predetermined keywords. A total of 1484 papers was initially found. After applying the eligibility criteria, 39 papers were finally included in the systematic review. Analysis of 28,089 equids from 16 European countries revealed a pooled seroprevalence of 8% (95% CI 5–12%, P<0.001, I2 = 99.3%) in Europe. The pooled seroprevalence was slightly higher in Mediterranean basin countries than other countries and when calculated for samples collected between 2001 and 2009 compared to 2010 to 2018. Differences in study design (e.g. sampling associated with recent outbreaks of WNV) contributed to a high degree of variability among studies. Further studies with harmonized study design and reporting of the results are recommended to better estimate and monitor European seroprevalence of West Nile virus in equids.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a coronavirus pathogen of the pig intestinal tract, can cause fatal watery diarrhea in piglets, thereby leading huge economic losses to swine industry around the world. The pathogenesis of PEDV has been intensively studied, however, the viral proteins of PEDV and the host factors in target cells, as well as their interactions, which underly the molecular mechanisms of viral infection, remains to be illustrated and summarized. PEDV has multiple important structural and functional proteins which play various roles in the process of virus infection. Among them, the S and N proteins play vital roles in biological processes related to PEDV survival via interacting with the host cell proteins. Vice versa, a number of host factors including receptors are required for the infection of PEDV per the interactions with the viral proteins, thereby affecting the reproduction and contributing to the life cycle of PEDV. In this review, we intend to provide an update understanding of the PEDV viral proteins and host factors and illustrate the interactions between them. Additionally, the effects of cellular factors or events or signaling pathways on PEDV infection are also discussed. Thus, these comprehensive and creative insights should facilitate to guide the future research, control and prevention of PEDV infection.

The emergence of mobile mcr genes mediating resistance to colistin is a critical public health issue that has hindered the treatment of serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens in humans and other animals. We report the emergence of the mcr-9.1 gene in a polymyxin-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacter kobei infecting a free-living Franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei), threatened with extinction in South America. Genomic analysis confirmed a wide resistome with additional presence of genes conferring resistance to clinically relevant β-lactam [blaCTX-M-15, blaACT-9, blaOXA-1 and blaTEM-1B], aminoglycoside [aac(3)-IIa, aadA1, aph(3’‘)-Ib and aph(6)-Id], trimethoprim [dfrA14], tetracycline [tetA], quinolone [aac(6’)-Ib-cr and qnrB1], fosfomycin [fosA], sulphonamide [sul2], and phenicol [catA1 and catB3] antibiotics. The identification of mcr-9.1 in a CTX-M-15-producing pathogen infecting a critically endangered animal is worryingly, due to the restricted therapeutic options, and should be interpreted as a sign of further spread of critical-priority pathogens and their resistance genes in threatened ecosystems.

A document by levent özbek, written on Authorea.