Immune system dysfunction and malnutrition in hemodialysis patients part
I -- risk factors
Abstract
The main causes of death in hemodialysis patients (HD) are
cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and infections both of which are linked to
impaired immune function. In patients with end stage renal disease,
immunodeficiency and immune activation co-exist. Changes in the immune
system are complex, but to some extent result from malnutrition or
insufficiency in essential vitamins or trace elements. Based on the link
between high mortality, immune system dysregulation, vitamins and trace
elements insufficiency, it emphasizes the potential role of nutritional
counseling and supplementation.