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Direct and indirect effects of rainfall and vegetation coverage on runoff, soil loss, and nutrient loss
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  • Jiayi Huo,
  • Changjun Liu,
  • Xinxiao Yu,
  • Lihua Chen,
  • Wenge Zheng,
  • Yuanhui Yang,
  • Changwen Yin
Jiayi Huo
Beijing Forestry University

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Changjun Liu
China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research
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Xinxiao Yu
Beijing Forestry University
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Lihua Chen
Beijing Forestry University
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Wenge Zheng
Beijing Soil and Water Conservation Center
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Yuanhui Yang
Beijing Soil and Water Conservation Center
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Changwen Yin
Shandong Provincial Water Diversion Project Operation and Maintenance Center
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Abstract

High nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels are the main causes of eutrophication of water bodies, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) is one of the indices of relative organic matter content. Several simulated rainfall experiments have been conducted to investigate the effects of a single controlling factor on soil and nutrient loss. However, the role of precipitation and vegetation coverage in quantifying soil and nutrient loss is still unclear. We monitored runoff, soil loss, and soil nutrient loss under natural rainfall conditions from 2004 to 2015 in runoff plots around Beijing. Soil erosion was significantly reduced when vegetation coverage reached 20 and 60%. At levels below 30%, nutrient loss did not differ among different vegetation cover levels. Minimum soil N and P losses were observed at cover levels above 60%. Irrespective of the management measure, soil nutrient losses were higher at high-intensity rainfall events compared to low-intensity events (p < 0.05). We applied structural equation modelling (SEM) to systematically analyze the relative effects of rainfall characteristics and environmental factors on runoff, soil loss, and soil nutrient loss. At high-intensity rainfall events, neither vegetation cover nor antecedent soil moisture content (ASMC) affected runoff and soil loss. After log-transformation, soil nutrient loss was significantly linearly correlated with runoff and soil loss (p < 0.01). In addition, we identified the direct and indirect relationships among the influencing factors of soil nutrient loss on runoff plots and constructed a structural diagram of these relationships. The factors positively impacting soil nutrient loss were runoff (44-48%), maximum rainfall intensity over a 30-min period (18-29%), rainfall depth (20-27%), and soil loss (10-14%). Studying the effects of rainfall and vegetation coverage factors on runoff, soil loss, and nutrient loss can improve our understanding of the underlying mechanism of slope non-point source pollution.