Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common chronic lung disease of preterm neonates; the underlying pathogenesis is not fully understood. Recent studies suggested microRNAs (miRNAs) may be involved in BPD. In the present study, we performed miRNA and mRNA microarrays to analyze the expression profiles of miRNA and mRNA in BPD and control lung tissues. Our results showed that a total of 192 differentially expressed miRNAs (74 downregulated and 118 upregulated) and 1225 differentially expressed mRNAs (479 downregulated and 746 upregulated) were identified between BPD mice and normoxia-control mice. Bioinformatics methods including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were performed to predict the potential functions of differentially expressed genes. For downregulated genes, the top significant enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways were both mainly related to immune and inflammation processes. For upregulated genes, the top significant enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways were both mainly related to ECM remodeling. Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and miRNA-mRNA regulatory network construction were further performed to analyze the key genes and pathways associated with inflammation and immune regulation. Our findings may provide novel insights into the development of new promising biomarkers for the treatment of BPD.