( et al 2015) and as did Jia et al (2015) in IMAGEN, the largest MID study previously. Many other related contrasts could have been used simply to probe reward anticipation, and the task data could also or alternatively be used to examine anticipation of punishment, brain responses to reward or punishment receipt or omission of expected rewards and/or punishments; numerous connectivity analyses are also possible. Whilst these alternative analyses would be of considerable interest, each additional analysis increases the liklihood of type I error unless rigorous correction for multiple comparison is made, in which case the likelihood of type II error is increased. It is possible that a voxel-wise or vertex-wise analysis could be more sensitive than the approach we used, of regionally averaged scores. However, we note that the regionally averaged scores revealed highly significant task activation in the expected areas of striatal subdivisions, thalamus and medial frontal cortex, supporting their validity.
In summary, in spite of the MID task eliciting robust subcortical and cortical activation in a large sample of 9-10 year olds, there were no strong associations with severity of psychopathology (psychotic-like experiences or depressive or anxiety symptoms) in this age group. It will be of considerable interest to examine whether baseline activation in this age is predictive of the development of future psychopathology, or whether abnormal patterns of brain activation emerge during the maturation process, perhaps associated with concomitant development of specific of general measures of psychopathology.
Funding
Lisa Ronan was funded by the Bernard Wolfe Health Neuroscience Fund. Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (
https://abcdstudy.org), held in the NIMH Data Archive (NDA). This is a multisite, longitudinal study designed to recruit more than 10,000 children age 9-10 and follow them over 10 years into early adulthood. The ABCD Study is supported by the National Institutes of Health and additional federal partners under award numbers U01DA041022, U01DA041028, U01DA041048, U01DA041089, U01DA041106, U01DA041117, U01DA041120, U01DA041134, U01DA041148, U01DA041156, U01DA041174, U24DA041123, and U24DA041147. A full list of supporters is available at
https://abcdstudy.org/nih-collaborators. A listing of participating sites and a complete listing of the study investigators can be found at
https://abcdstudy.org/principal-investigators.html. ABCD consortium investigators designed and implemented the study and/or provided data but did not necessarily participate in analysis or writing of this report. This manuscript reflects the views of the authors and may not reflect the opinions or views of the NIH or ABCD consortium investigators. The ABCD data repository grows and changes over time. The ABCD data used in this report came from DOI 10.15154/1412097.
Author roles
LR.: Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing (original draft preparation, review and editing); GKM. Conceptualization, methodology, writing (original draft preparation, review and editing).
Disclosures
Dr Ronan and Dr Murray reported no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.