In these consequences, we tried to address this by two-level categorization, with first level based on broad categories of Capital and Province, captured by ‘Capital’ dummy variable. The Capital category was made of two cities, Astana and Almaty, actual and former capitals respectively. The Province category encompassed the rest of the regions. By this we tried to take account of possibly unequal distribution of political, financial and cultural resources among the center and the periphery. On the second level, we coded a total of 16 regions according to the official administrative division in Kazakhstan. That is, if some NGO resided in Astana, it would have coded as Capital on the first level, and as Astana on the second.