Second, the policy of international donors has ambiguous effect on cooperation between local NGOs. On the one hand, trainings and seminars as well as resource centers promoted mutual visibility of LNGOs. For example, as James Richter demonstrated in the case of Russian women’s organizations, leaders of NGOs were quite well familiar with the personalities and activities of other organizations throughout the country (Richter, 2002: 70). On the other hand, this familiarity barely promoted solidarity and trust that is so vital for civil society. Examining the same case, Henderson (2002) noted that aid of western agencies had done relatively little to improve the attitudes to cooperation and to develop (the culture of) trust between LNGOs. Thus, inability to the collective actions, unstable and fragile inter-organizational ties is the typical situation for the third sector in developing countries.