(mA/cm2)
FF
(%)
η (%)
References
Generation
Application
Crystallline silicon
Monocrystalline Si
Multicrystalline Si
Thin film transfer Si
 
 
 
m-Si
p-Si
t-si
 
0.696
0.650
0.650
 
 
42.0
37.4
37.8
 
83.6
76.2
77.6
 
24.4
18.5
19.1
 
[26]
[25]
[25,27]
First
Generation
 
Outdoor
Outdoor
Outdoor
III-V-cell
GaAs
 
GaAs
 
1.122
 
29.7
 
86.5
 
28.8
 
[25]
Second
Generation
Outdoor/Indoor
Thin film chalcogenide
CIGS
CdTe
 
CIGS
CdTe
 
0.705
0.845
 
35.5
25.9
 
77.9
75.5
 
19.5
16.5
 
[28]
[29]
Second
Generation
 
Indoor
Indoor
Amorphous silicon
Amorphous silicon
 
a-Si
 
0.859
 
17.5
 
63.0
 
9.5
 
[30]
Second
Generation
Indoor/Outdoor
Dye sensitized solar cell
Dye sensitized solar cell
 
DSSC
 
0.736
 
20.9
 
72.2
 
11.1
 
[31]
Third
Generation
Indoor
Perovskites
 
 
 
 
 
 
Third
Generation
Indoor/outdoor
 
Table 6 summarize the generations of Solar Cells
Figure 5 shows block diagram of long-flight-time Solar Powered UAV Energy System. The UAV structure includes primary power supply (solar cell) and secondary power supply (storage battery). Thanks to renewable energy (solar cells), UAV is a self-powered system able to extend the flight time. During the day, radiant energy absorbed by solar cells is transformed into DC current to supply UAV (propulsion system, avionics system and mission payload). The surplus electricity during the day is used for energy storage (battery, supercapacitor). During the night if energy storage is greater than the night demand, the solar battery can guarantee infinite long navigation theoretically.