F/cm2 at the frequency of 40 Hz and the leakage current reaches values around of 1.8 mA/cm2 at 1 V. The author P.Banerjee et al [44] show another device realized with depositing TiN, Al2O3 and TiN. P.Banerjee et al believe that by using higher k dielectric materials (such as HfO2, Ta2O5 and perovskites) capacitance densities of the nanostructured electrostatic supercapacitors can be further improved. For example, by utilizing HfO2 as a dielectric, a 10μm AAO (anodic aluminum oxide) pore can demonstrate equivalent planar capacitance of ~ 300μF/cm2. A hybrid device based on a battery and a supercapacitor has been introduced. It is able to unite merits of both secondary batteries and SCs as higher energy and power densities for powering future unmanned applications.
3.0 Solar Power for Small UAVs
Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel observed the photovoltaic (PV) effect for the first time in 1839. The photovoltaic solar cells are quantum devices that transform sunlight energy into electrical power. PV are quantum devices limited by material bandgaps, a photon need to have a greater energy than that of the band gap (