Abstract
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Introduction
The world human population is steadily increasing. In developed countries, > 70 % live in cities or urban areas \cite{Bettencourt2007}. With the increase in the population, humankind is facing new challenges and existing problems can get worse. Not only problems of famine, water scarcity or increased energy demand can occur, also socially problematic situations arise when many people live in the same spots \cite{Glaeser_1999}. With the density of humans living in the same area, also psychological problems can occur. The social pressure rises and the concurrence in every domain is increasing, as so many people in the near areas specialize in the same things. On the other hand, people need to choose a lifestyle and find their way of living and are responsible for their own well being. The pressure and responsability can often end in psychological problems, which can lead to domestic violence, self-hatred and even suicide attempts. For actions that do not respect the law, the police is forced to intervention and the reason is being recorded.
On the other hand, not only a rise of the population and the subsequent problems may be observed today. Also the mixing of the cultures and nationalities all over the world, gets more important and brings new possibilities and advantages, but also new problems. In common speaking, the strange cultures have often another treatment of psychological diseases, health, crime and violence than the native culture. This may be right in some cases, but the connection between social troubles and the percent of foreigners in specific areas has never been clearly stated \cite{Entorf_2000}.
In the case-study of the municipality of Vernier, we have access to data from the interventions due to social reasons and the demographic properties of the area under study. The context of those two variables is often taken as a political argument from right-wing parties, but a more narrow investigation will be provided in this paper. Our study area is formed by the city of Vernier with its 768 hectares and 35 300 inhabitants, situated in the Canton of Geneva and thus a part of the metropolitan area of the city of Geneva \cite{officiel}. Mostly the spatial correlation between those two variables will be looked at and also other statistical measurements will be provided, based on the data set and the area given.
Hypothesis
In the first step we want to investigate the existence and the properties of hotspots in the region of Vernier regarding the two factors social interventions by the police and the origin of the population. Secondly, the relation between those two variables is of interest and their spatial correlation will be investigated. The expected facts are, that both parameters underlie a spatial distribution and hotspots exist and that the positions of the hotspots and thus the parameters are positively correlated to each other.
Data
We use population data from STATPOP of the year 2015 which is annually surveyed by the Federal Statistical Office of Switzerland for the households of the country \cite{genve}. From this data, informations about the total population, the number of swiss, non-swiss and non-european inhabitants have been used. The second dataset used is the data published by the cantonal police department of Geneva. The dataset provideds all police interventions caused by social reasons in the area of study from 2014 to 2017.
Methods
All spatial and statistical analyes have been performed with the software Geoda. QGIS (Version 2.18.) has been used for visualization.
Having the two datasets described, we were able to perform a first statistical analysis. Therefore we performed the processing chain shown in Figure 1. The first step was to create a grid over the study area of vernier with a cell-size of 100 m x 100 m. For each cell, the total number of interventions has been summed up and divided by the total number of the population in this specific cell. Additionally, the number of Swiss, Non-Swiss, and Non-European inhabitants has been computed for each cell. To get the percentage of the different origins, those numbers have also been divided through the total number of the population within the cell. With the obtained variables, we were able to perform a first Linear Regression (Non-Swiss/Interventions, Non-European/Interventions). In addition to the Linear Regression, we also computed the Raw Rate. Therefore, the number of interventions divided by the total population was divided through the percentage of Non-Swiss and Non-European inhabitants within each cell.