We conducted a search of the literature that led to identification of epidemiological studies on the exposure to inorganic arsenic through drinking water and development of diabetes. 

Step II: Exposure Assessment

In the exposure assessment phase, we will find out the extent to which people in New Zealand or another developed country (if we cannot find good data for New Zealand, we will look for data outside of NZ, but similar to NZ, say Australia or United States and get a rough assessment of the exposure status).
New Zealanders are potentially exposed to arsenic from the following sources:
1. Geothermal environmental sources in teh hot springs near Taupo region all the way to the White Island Volcano.
2. If the Geothermal region is tapped for electricity production than thermal electricity generation will allow As to leach into soil
3. Plants (aquatic plants such as watercress) accumulate Arsenic. Humans consume that directly, so that's a pathway. Animals consume other plants that accumulate and that is another indirect exposure
4. From mining and coating of Copper, Chromium and Arsenic the posts in the vineyards. The posts are staked to the ground and from the bottom of the ground As leaches into the surrounding soil. Any plant that is grown there may contain As.
5. As is used in sheep dips and cattle dips to treat the animals so that they do not get fleas or infestations. These dips can leach into groundwater and that can lead to As contamination. Similarly, As based pesticides used in orchards can lead to soil contamination
6. Coal plants and power plants.
So far no clear estimation to the extent of exposure of NZ-es to As has been attempted. We do not know how much is the exposure and possibly the exposure is set at the WHO level but it is also understood that the levels of As in Waikato river is frequently higher than 10 ug/L limit set by the WHO and by the NZ government \cite{Robinson:2004uf}. So, based on this review, we may expect that the level of exposure to As say at some point in Canterbury or Christchurch would be about the level lower than 10 ug/L. In real analysis setting, you would have to estimate the exposure by measuring As in drinking water from the different sources and then measuring how much would be the exposure in terms of how much water was consumed per day. In a later paper, Robinson (2015) provided the following figures for the Lake Taupo region, as can be seen in Table \ref{524268} \cite{Robinson:2015fg}