\cite{j2010} Article datant de 1898 qui critiquait déjà la vision de l'économie comme une science de l'équilibre qui n'évoluerait pas avec le temps.

Ajouts de José Moran

\cite{Weintraub_2002} a book on the history of economics as a mathematical science. What is fairly interesting is that it starts by discussing mathematical thought at the end of the 19th century, when Euclidean geometry was thought of as the most solid mathematics and mathematical rigour was synonymous with grounding on physical phenomena and observations. Talks about the emergence of bourbakism as a reaction to the discovery of non-euclidean geometries and Hilbert's set-theoretical foundations projects, and consequently on Gerard Debreu's formation as a bourbakist. On equilibrium, it discusses the Arrow-Debreu paper and its acceptance by the economic community.  Speaks of equilibrium as, at first, a consequence of the walrasian tâtonnement process, and of a system of equations satisfied by prices with as many unknown free parameters as equations, and having thus a solution.
\cite{Phelps_1991,Milgate_1991} two articles on equilibrium in the same book. Phelps (article name:  "Equilibrium, an expectational concept") starts by discussing equilibrium as a balance of forces, albeit different from "physical" equilibria, where the force is static. In economics, equilibrium is reached because of the rational expectations agents may have on future prices, which in turn influence the future. There is no such conscious feedback in a pendulum. He also says very interesting things on the fact that in most equilibrium theories the agent must not only be infinitely rational to run his optimization programme, but must also have an infinite amount of knowledge ; then, at the end, he says that some thought on disequilibrium may be needed. 
Milgate ( article name : "Equilibrium: history of the concept") does a very interesting survey on the notion of equilibrium, from the notion of an (almost gravitational) attractor, a consequence of the inevitable compensation of lots of interacting forces. This is an extremely interesting article and has lots of references on the history of the concept of equilibrium.
\cite{Bouchaud_2009} a critical article on current economic theory. However, on the concept of equilibrium and the concept of an agent with rational expectations trying to optimize his behaviour with respect to the others he says essentially that we know that complex systems can exhibit an extremely large number of minima, meaning that the agent will essentially need an infinite time to find his optimal behaviour.
\cite{Farmer_2009} extremely interesting article. Written by a physicist and an economist who have worked in finance (plus Doyne Farmer is an amazing scientist), and have confronted the notion of equilibrium to real markets. They start by defining what is an equilibrium, how it is attained, how it is used in practice and then discuss empirical evidence on its foundations. They also discuss the reasons to look for out-of-equilibrium models