In summary, this paper reports on the development of an optimized nanoelectrode that has the potential to penetrate ADSCs without any loss of cellular function, where electrical stimulus can be applied through the penetrating electrodes to differentiate ADSCs into neuronal lineages. The nanofin design compared to nanopillars gave larger electrode surface area and thereby reduced the interfacial impedance and electrode resistance. Our preliminary studies show that electrical stimulation can greatly reduce the use of growth factor for cell differentiation with early expression of neural markers - Nestin and PAX6. In future, we hope to achieve an optimized  DC  electrical  stimuli  protocol  that  may differentiate ADSCs without the use of growth factors.

We have demonstrated that DC ES promotes Vimentin, Nestin and Pax 6 expression in human ADSCs already at 5 days.

Future studies should look into finding the optimum parameters at which ES is not only most effective but can differentiate ADSC into desired cell type down the neural lineage.

Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references. List here those individuals who provided help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, etc.).