Background
Effect-based monitoring and assessment. Conventional monitoring of hazardous chemicals in the environment focuses on specific priority substances, capturing only a fraction of these chemicals, and often missing those below detection limits that contribute to biological effects \cite{Vermeulen_2020}. This approach, therefore, falls short in assessing subtle and complex impacts in diverse environmental conditions. Effect-based methods are crucial for directly evaluating biological impacts in environmental monitoring and status assessment \cite{Neale2023}. By measuring responses at molecular or organismal levels, these methods enable early detection, identification of mixture effects, and a holistic understanding of ecosystem health \cite{Parmar_2016}. However, a lack of suitable biological data and uncertainties in ecological risk assessments pose challenges. There is an urgent demand for predictive tools, and the diverse capabilities of OMICS technologies (including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, and adductomics) are garnering attention for their potential to provide effective biomarkers.