The adductome refers to the complete set of chemical DNA modifications, known as adducts, illustrated by a representative modification in (A) and depicted as a whole in (B). These alterations stem from various processes: i. Binding of nucleophilic sites on the nucleobases \cite{Motwani2018} with electrophilic reactive compounds, e.g., diol epoxide metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BPDE), leading to DNA-BPDE adduct (measured as BPDE-dG \cite{Motwani_2020}). ii. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) giving oxidized adducts; most common is oxidation on C8 position of guanine (measured as 8-oxo-dG \cite{Gorokhova2020}). ROS can also lead to oxidation of lipids, giving lipid peroxidation (LPO) products that can bind to DNA giving DNA-LPO adducts \cite{e2003}. If unrepaired, adducts from electrophilic species and ROS can lead to mutagenesis increasing the risk of genotoxic effects. iii. Epigenetic changes such as methylation of 5C-cytosine (measured as 5-me-dC \cite{Gorokhova2020}); these are non-genotoxic, but with possible developmental effects. iv. Unknown adducts observed using non-targeted analysis, yet to be structurally identified \cite{Martella2023}. 2′-Deoxyribonucleoside adducts (modification to the DNA marked in red) exemplified in (C), with respective molecular formula and calculated mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio of their protonated molecular ions.