can be attributed to several factors
Discussions of mobile phone sensing have been mostly centered around the use of
specialized
is an integral part of all smartphones today
common practice of
PCCW, one of the key mobile and wireless communications providers in Hong Kong, has installed over 6,000 WiFi access points in public areas, and about one thousand of them are installed at payphone kiosks and convenience stores [8].
Footfall Count Estimation Techniques Using Mobile Data
hexagonal grid
Location Based Services (LBS) system can be used. LBS records indicate the cellular towers that mobile phone users are connected to at a given date and time. However, such data only indicates the geospatial coordinates of the cellular tower that a user is connected to and does not accurately reflect the actual geolocation of the user.
spatial coverage
over large geographical extents
Such information can be obtained through participatory sensing approaches, such as WiFi fingerprinting [2] or pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) [3].
Another approach to estimate footfall count in public spaces is through participatory sensing by mobile phone users in the crowd [6]. Nishimura et al. took into account walking motion of the pedestrians and ambient sound in the environment obtained from mobile phone accelerometers and microphones to classify the levels of congestion.
high-resolution measurements
could have numerous applications
The convergence of sensing, computation, and communication on modern smartphones
seamlessly
anticipate
The evolution of this network, called 4G, uses two new standards: Long Term Evolution (LTE) [2] and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) [3]. The standards define peak rates of 100 Mbps for high mobility communication and 1 Gbps for low mobility. For simplicity, we will refer to 3G and 4G networks as 3G, since the latter is largely deployed by the WISP and is widely used by their customers.
In scenarios such as football matches, big concerts or other places with a high concentration of mobile clients, the WISPs antennas may be overloaded
since the main issue is the congested spectrum in metropolitan areas, where only signaling to control the access to the medium already consumes a huge amount of network resources [4].
Mobile data offloading through opportunistic communications and social participation.
Additionally, by 2020, the total number of smartphones will be nearly 50% of the total number of devices and connections.
accommodate
this constraint prevents
the initiative of
on the fly
web interfaces that require no installation and native apps that better exploit the interaction capabilities
permanent cellular data connection cannot be guaranteed, e.g. in less populated areas, inside buildings or places where mobile data traffic is expensive.
elaborates on
amongst
ephemeral
offers the advantage of application independence
ever-expanding scale of
by relying solely on the WiFi infrastructure
holistically
it is as imperative as
majority of the research efforts are still dwelling in indoor localization
hamper from
takes a holistic view on
The rationale behind our design is
wander around
contextual
georeferencing is introduced to attach geospatial information to the analog map
regard as
map-based and location-based mobile services become popular in assisting and enhancing people’s real-world experiences.
deploying point and line features linked with multimedia resources
highly specified and contextual information
Before computers and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) came into being
maps had more functions other than
载体
professional work / cartography
with interactive and customizing functions
place the events of a story to their related locations on the base map
as the multi-purpose oriented web mappings tend to use universal designs
highly contextual and purpose-specified purpose-specified
when a tourist wants to make a storytelling of a trip, the tourist maps of the visited places gathered in the trip
minor modifications on configurationson configu
contextual data
digitizing people interaction
are the challenges facing researchers
We present an exploratory spatial data analysis algorithm and its analysis results.
it concerns
spatial dependencies
Because of their widespread availability, sensor information has become commonplace.
Previous works on their usage has showed the great potential of these sources
A method to estimate average daily origin-destination trips from mobile phone records of millions of anonymized users has been presented in [12]
The spatial distribution of mobile phones can be obtained by positioning techniques as the resolution of geolocation has been improved recently
Louail et al. [13] have presented the hotspots in a city as a function of the overall population and observed spatial and temporal stationarity of such areas
Gao et al. [17] have implemented an autocorrelation analysis to explore mobile phone subscribers’ mobility patterns.
our objectives
带有经纬度的figure表示
Mobile Phone Data Analysis: A Spatial Exploration Toward Hotspot Detection
characterized by a dysfunctional public health system
can offer tremendous opportunities for a developing country with a severe scarcity of health infrastructure
印证了
As depicted in Figure 1, mobile phone technology is ubiquitously deployed both in the developed world as well as the developing world, with consistently rising mobile penetration statistics worldwide. The proliferation of mobile phones has stimulated various innovative applications of mobile Health
no study to date has comprehensively summarized the common barriers and open issues to its adoption in developing countries
Furthermore, we conduct a case study on Pakistan to showcase that our findings are validated.
demographic census data
given any situation, use the best connectivity solution available; and when no solution is available at the moment, use delay/intermittence tolerant solutions to offer “offline” services.
web app on all devices with native mobile apps
Turf.js for geospatial analysis;
Crowdsourced data is a paradigmatic shift in how knowledge, particularly that of a geospatial nature, is created and shared throughout society [7].
OSM data and its concept in data collection (e.g. OpenLitterMap, OpenTreeMap, OpenCycleMap, etc.
such as emergency response [8], urban studies [3] as well as noise pollution [15].2
they are encouraged to participate
In lieu of
server was provisioned
Turf (htttps://turfjs.org) is layered between points and tiles to achieve a dynamic weighted hexagonal spatial grid at each City layer.
This is analogous to
user-defined hashtags are error prone, arbitrary, inconsistent, computationally expensive, lack quantification, and ultimately limit data quality and utility.
more emphasis needs to be put on
hexagonal spatial grid
provide information depending on the location of the device and the user, mostly through mobile portable devices
citywide outdoor environments
The initiative
long-standing challenge for
provide a solid base
the availability of map information
restrain
provide personalized location recommendations
composition
These empirical results provided some insight
has led to the accumulation of a large amount of location-based social media data,
georeferenced in-situ measurements
It has been estimated that more than 15% of queries submitted to search engines are of a geographic nature [2], requesting mainly georeferenced information.
in-situ sensor measurements and observations
equipped with the most diversified sensors
enlarged
agriculture and food production, human safety and security, and natural hazard risk monitoring
The current most widespread and common practice to manage such data
how people use, travel, and interact with each other in the environment.
perceive the world
by means of
external / internal
constitute
substitute
primarily use
widespread availability of the wireless Internet
Because its signal reaches a relatively small, bounded geographic area, people must be situated within close range of the network in order to get online.
akin to / ... like
underscore / underline
occupation
their everyday activities revolve around them
(crowd sensing, sensing map)
ancillary data / complementary data
This article provides a framework for the integration of
contingency
early disaster warning
provide resilience
The ultimate objective of
decision-making
linking of non-spatial information
are all obstacles that need to be overcome
Mobile technologies integrated with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) technology are very useful for real-time field data collection
calamity
e integration of these multi-disciplinary technologies in a seamless manner for designing emergency management services
Web maps have become the most common cartographic products that the general public encounters daily.
Recently there has been a trend toward more interactive and cartographically pleasing Web maps.
Due to its powerful communication capacity, maps published on the Web are being increasingly used in different media (news services, magazines) for storytelling.
LBS to be context-aware, and adapt to the context in which the user operates
Designing across human abilities and map use contexts (Huang, 2015)
societal activities
societal welfare
broadly speaking
emphasize
Location-based data are mainly with GPS, BDS, and other positioning systems generated by the smart phones, the collection data in the field, the traffic trajectory data, etc.
The spatial elements are represented by points, lines, and polygons in the vector data model (Shekhar et al., 2014)
The object-oriented model has been very popular because of the advantages (Wojda & Brouyère, 2013) of being easy to understand, expand, represent, and realize.
Tile pyramid model for map visualization