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\begin{document}

\title{Pyric---Tree Spatial Patterning Interactions in Historical and
Contemporary Mixed Conifer Forests, California, USA}



\author[1,1]{Justin Ziegler}%
\author[1]{Chad Hoffman}%
\author[2]{Brandon Collins}%
\author[3]{Eric Knapp}%
\author[4]{William Mell}%
\affil[1]{Colorado State University}%
\affil[2]{University of California Berkeley}%
\affil[3]{USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station}%
\affil[4]{USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station}%


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  \date{May 08, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Tree spatial patterns in dry coniferous forests of the western US, and
analogous ecosystems globally, were historically aggregated, comprising
a mixture of single trees and groups of trees. Modern forests, in
contrast, are generally more homogeneous and overstocked than their
historical counterparts. As these modern forests lack regular fire,
pattern formation and maintenance is generally attributed to fire.
Accordingly, fires in modern forests may not yield historically
analogous patterns. However, direct observations on how selective tree
mortality among pre-existing forest structure shapes tree spatial
patterns is limited. In this study, we (1) simulated fires in historical
and contemporary counterpart plots in a Sierra Nevadan mixed-conifer
forest, (2) estimated tree mortality, and (3) examined tree spatial
patterns of live trees before and after fire, and of fire-killed trees.
Tree mortality in the historical period was clustered and
density-dependent, because trees were aggregated and segregated by tree
size before fire. Thus, fires maintained an aggregated distribution of
tree groups. Tree mortality in the contemporary period was widespread,
except for dispersed large trees, because most trees were a part of
large, interconnected tree groups. Thus, post-fire tree patterns were
more uniform and devoid of moderately sized tree groups. Post-fire tree
patterns in the historical period, unlike the contemporary period, were
within the historical range of variability identified for the western
US. This divergence suggests that decades of forest dynamics without
significant disturbances has altered the historical means of pyric
pattern formation. Our results suggest that ecological silvicultural
treatments, such as forest restoration thinnings, which emulate
qualities of historical forests may facilitate the reintroduction of
fire as a means to reinforce forest structural heterogeneity.%
\end{abstract}%



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