Introduction
Domestic violence, which is also called family violence, is a worldwide problem\cite{20042002}, and one of New Zealand’s most serious social issues. According to the Family Violence Act 2018, domestic violence can be defined as violence or abuse of any type, perpetrated by one family member against another family member, including child abuse, partner abuse and elder abuse, Intimate partner violence (also called partner abuse).
Domestic violence is physical, sexual, and psychologic abuse between people who live together or are in a relationship, usually done by a man against his sex partner (called intimate partner violence).
Domestic violence can occur between parents and children, children and grandparents, and siblings, as well as intimate partners. It occurs among people of all cultures, races, sexual orientations, occupations, income levels, educational levels, religious backgrounds, and ages.
Women are more commonly victims of domestic violence than are men. About 95% of people who seek medical attention as a result of domestic violence are women.
About 1 in 3 or 35% of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime, according to global estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO).2019 .
In the United States, more than 1 in 4 women and more than 1 in 7 men has experienced severe physical violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetime
Between 33 to 39% of New Zealand women experience physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime,
- Internationally, violence has become recognised as a significant contributor to illhealth.1 In New Zealand (NZ), this recognition has been accompanied by significant policy attention.
- Domestic abuse can be physical, sexual, emotional and psychological, financial, or spiritual.
· an abuser may use physical force against victims in many forms: Physical abuse: punching, bashing, choking, using knife,belt, or gun or any other kinds of weapon.
· psychological/emotional abuse: the most common forms of violence experienced by the women and children. it is often underestimated, it is not recognised by many people because it can be subtle and hidden.
· about manipulation and coercion, and affects victims' emotions and personality, rather than the body.
· psychological abuse include: playing mind games, making treats, hurting pets, limiting or stopping contact with friends and whanau/family, apologising after physical abuse, blaming you for the abuse, letting the children see or hear violence, and telling you what to wear and how you should do your hair and make-up.
· Sexual abuse include: rape, forcing sex, sexual harassment, forcing someone to get pregnant, forcing or denying an abortion, also include sexual violence to children: an adults says sexual things, touches in a sexual way or has any sexual contact with a child under 16.
· Financial or economic abuse: cause women and children to live in poverty. involve: stealing your money and belongs, keeping the bank cards and cheque book, controlling the money so you don't have a say in its spending or saving;
· spiritual violence: attacks to your spirit. include: stopping you from expressing your spiritual or religious beliefs, not letting you go to the church, making fun of your beliefs, traditions or culture.
Domestic abuse can happen in any family or intimate partner relationship. It can happen to anyone, regardless of his or her social group, background, race, class, gender, religion, age, ability or disability, sexual orientation or lifestyle.
Women are overwhelmingly the victims of most serious domestic abuse, but sometimes men are the victims too. Men are usually the perpetrators of the most serious domestic abuse, but sometimes women are perpetrators too.
· Victims of violence can suffer sexual and reproductive health consequences, including forced and unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, traumatic fistula, sexually transmitted infections including HIV, and even death.
· domestic violence has many negative effects on women and children, and the impact is never just physical. It affects all parts of a victim's life, such as physical and mental health, financial status, friendships, employment and cultural connections.
· Effects of emotional abuse: low self-esteem and loss of confidence, depression, suicide, self-harm, alcohol and drug abuse. PTSD. hurting others that are close, copying controlling and violent behaviour.
· effects of physical and sexual abuse for women and children: death, permanent disability( blindness, deafness, loss of mobility), physical injuries, trauma, isolation, eating and sleeping disorder.
· Therefore, it is essential to protect the women of domestic violence.
recognition of the underlying connection between historical IPV and current health
Women's refuge is New Zealand’s most significant domestic violence organisation. In 1973, the first New Zealand women’s refuge was established in Christchurch. It was called Christchurch women’s refuge. now it has been groundbreaking in the work of improving the lives of women and children affected by domestic violence. Now, about 55 refuges are established for women in New Zealand
1981, the national collective of independent women’s refuges was established. It was formed to support the movement, assist with and administer funding, and to provide adovacy services at a national level.
1982, domestic protection Act 1982 passed. A significant piece of legislation in the history of women’s rights in New Zealand, the Domestic Protection Act 1982, was passed to protect victims of domestic violence. The object of this act was to facilitate efforts to reduce the incidence of domestic violence and made at least four significant changes to the Crimes Act.
1985 Women's Refuge Code of Ethics adopted
1989 Tangata Pasifika Women's Refuge established In Auckland, the first Tangata Pasifika Women's Refuge was established. The commitment of NCIWR to provide culturally appropriate services for tauiwi (non-Maori) has seen the development of two Pacific Island Women's Refuges, both in Auckland, one of which is affiliated.
1990 Parallel development adopted The model of parallel development was adopted as an accepted process for refuge management and delivery of refuge services at national and local level. The first Lesbian/ Wahine Takatapui Refuge Advocates Hui was held. Lesbian women were pioneers in the refuge movement and in the late 1980s they began to confront prejudice within NCIWR and the wider community. NCIWR also lobbied for review of the domestic protection legislation.
1991 Lobbying the Family Court about domestic violence NCIWR lobbied the Family Court on the special needs of women and children experiencing domestic violence, and the need for specialised training on domestic violence for judges. 1992 Training of police recruits NCIWR first trained police recruits at the Police Training College in Porirua. 1993 Training of child advocates The first Women’s Refuge Child Advocate’s training was held in Wellington.
1994 Lobbying for review of domestic protection legislation
1995 Domestic Violence Act 1995 passed The Domestic Violence Act 1995 was passed, rectifying some of the flaws of the 1982 act.
1999 Report identifying how domestic violence affects the employment of Māori wāhine published Shakti Asian Women’s Centre became an associate member of NCIWR. Tania Powhare wrote the report Māori Women and Work: The effects of Family Violence on Māori Women Employment Opportunities.
2003 Tamariki Programme set up The Women’s Refuge Tamariki Programme was launched.
2004 Family Violence Clearing House established Women’s Refuge established the concept of a model for a ‘clearing house’ to contain key resources, research and information on domestic violence and family violence. It’s now known as the Family Violence Clearing House.
2005 New Zealand Family Violence Taskforce established and domestic violence training delivered to WINZ staff NCIWR, in conjunction with Preventing Violence in the Home, developed, designed and delivered a Ministry of Social Development Family Violence Intervention Programme which trained Work and Income New Zealand staff throughout Aotearoa in how to understand the impact of family violence internally and with members of the public. The New Zealand Family Violence Taskforce was formed with Women’s Refuge as an inaugural member. 2006 Hau Purea Maori Unit established The Hau Purea Māori Unit within NCIWR and the Māori Growth Strategy and subsequent resources were established.
2007 First National Child Advocacy hui and Te Kōwhai launched The first National Child Advocacy Hui invited child advocates from different organisations throughout Aotearoa to network and voice their experiences and knowledge. It was identified that a practical child advocate manual was required. Te Kōwhai – New Zealand Family Violence Training & Research Institute was launched.
2010 Police Safety Orders become law, and Mokopuna Kit, Speaker’s Kit and Child Advocacy Training developed A law was passed allowing police officers to issue a Police Safety Order for up to five days to protect a person at risk from violence, harassment or intimidation. Police Safety Orders are unusual in that they can be granted without the permission of the person at risk and marked a shift in responsibility for safety from the victim to police. The Mokopuna Child Advocate Toolkit was launched for Women’s Refuge child advocates, including a manual with practical tools for children, their parents and child advocates. A Speaker’s Kit designed to help independent affiliated refuges to carry out informative public presentations supported by multi-media resources was produced.
2013 Christchurch Women’s Refuge (non-affiliated to NCIWR) changed its name to
Aviva.
There are five aspects of a common: access, use, benefits, care and responsibility.
a commons analysis of " women's refuge"
access: shared and wide. open access ( women and children who )
use: negotiated by a community ( safe places, programmes, data, policy, )
benefits: women and children, family, society, economy, model for other countries
care: performed by community members. ( NZ government, volunteers, staff)
responsibility
A commons analysis of women's refuge |
ACCESS USE BENEFIT CARE RESPONSIBILITY PROPERTY |
Women and children | Safe places, data, research, programme, education | Women and children, family, society and more | Government, staff, volunteers the public, businesses and other private funders and trusts | Women's refuge, Chief Executive and staff | Open access womensrefuge.org.nz |
Shared and wide | Negotiated by a community | Widely distributed to community members | Performed by community members | Assumed by community members | Any forms of ownership ( private, state, shared or open access) |
- New Zealand’s most significant domestic violence organisation.
- Provide a safe place for women and children
- A 24h, 7day a week crisis line
- Online help at www. Womensrefuge.org.nz
- Safety plans and support
- Advice about protection orders
- Training programmes and education
- Childcare
- Connection for women with other services: lawyer, doctor, counsellors, welfare agencies
RESPECT women: Preventing violence against women
Violence against women is a major public health problem rooted in gender inequality, and is a gross violation of women’s human rights affecting the lives and health of millions of women and girls. Aiming to end violence against women, a package/framework with infographics on prevention of violence against women - RESPECT – Preventing violence against women: A framework for policymakers, was developed, based on the UN framework for action to prevent violence against women from 2015 and updated new evidence.
· R –elationship skills strengthened
· E –mpowerment of women
· S –ervices ensured
· P –overty reduced
· E –nvironments made safe
· C –hild and adolescent abuse prevented
· T –ransformed attitudes, beliefs, and norms
· Therefore, it is essential to stop and
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·
·
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· The purpose of this Act is to stop and prevent family violence by—
· (a)
· recognising that family violence, in all its forms, is unacceptable; and
· (b)
· stopping and preventing perpetrators from inflicting family violence; and
· (c)
· keeping victims, including children, safe from family violence.
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· family violence, in all its forms, is unacceptable:
·
· victims of family violence should have access to services to help secure their safety from family violence:
·
Barriers to leaving
It takes a great deal of courage to leave someone who controls and intimidates you. Women often attempt to leave several times before making the final break.
Remember, leaving an abusive partner can be very dangerous. Women are at the greatest risk of homicide at the point of separation or after leaving a violent partner.
It is important that you plan your departure safely. If you are planning to leave an abusive partner, read
our planning to leave page.
The truth is that there are many practical and psychological barriers to ending a relationship with a violent partner. Here are just some:
Safety: the woman may be fearful of what the abuser will do to her and the children if they leave or attempt to leave
Lack of self-confidence: the woman may believe that it is her fault and that she deserves the abuse, and may fear she would never find anyone else if she left
Denial: she convinces herself that “it’s not that bad”
Shame: she is embarrassed about people finding out
Guilt: the abuser makes her believe that she is to blame for his actions
Financial dependence: the woman may not be able to support herself and her children independently. See our page about
financial abuse here Loyalty: she may be loyal to the abuser regardless of his actions
Hope: she believes that things will improve with time. She believes she can make him change
Lack of support: she doesn’t know to whom to turn
Pressure: family and friends pressurise her to stay and ‘make it work’
Religious/community beliefs: she is under pressure not to break up the family
Love: despite the abuse, she still loves him
Jekyll and Hyde: the abuser switches between charm and rage; the woman thinks, ‘He’s not always like this’
Intimidation: the abuser threatens to take the children or pets away
Gender roles: she might normalise his behaviour because he’s a man – ‘that’s how men are’. She may believe it’s the woman’s role to put the needs of others first
Immigration: if the woman has insecure immigration status, she may fear being deported
Our Solutions
https://unwomen.org.nz/violence-against-women
In the Pacific, the UN Women Fiji Multi-Country Office (MCO) Ending Violence against Women and Girls (EVAWG) programme has a holistic approach which centres on three key pillars:
- Supporting Pacific governments to adopt and implement laws and policies that address VAWG and overall gender discrimination and inequality.
- Preventing violence by addressing the main drivers of VAWG by transforming social norms, practices and behaviours that tolerate and condone violence against women and girls.
- Enhancing access to quality, coordinated and survivor centred essential services — social services, health, police and justice - to address immediate needs and prevent violence from re-occurring.
- Now is the graduation season, most of my language school classmates are facing the reality of job hunting. It is very difficult to find
Domestic violence — a civil infraction, not criminal offense: Under this law, domestic violence is not a crime, but a civil infraction,
PROTECTING CHINA’S VULNERABLE:
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