In the steady-state mode, since the normal component of the electric
field to the charge cloud is zero, its tangential component induces the
ICEO flow. The ICEO around a polarizable object (Fig. 1A, iii )
or electrode (Fig. 1B ) can induce micro-vortices (MVs) around
the object.
Helmholtz–Smoluchowski formula can be used to find the local slip ICEO
velocity around the conducting object (equations 4) (Todd M Squires &
Bazant, 2004).