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Figure 1: The three patterns of sex determination in reptiles.
(a) FMF is ancestral and is found in turtles, crocodilians, and lizards,
(b) MF is derived and found in turtles, (c) FM is derived and found in
tuataras and lizards. TPiv is the pivotal temperature, which is the
temperature where the sex ratio is 50:50 under constant temperature
incubation.
Figure 2 : Histogram of fitness distribution for (a) males and
(b) females at sexual maturity.
Figure 3 : The relationship between environmental quality and
expected fitness for males and females. (a) Visualization of the classic
Trivers-Willard hypothesis. Maternal quality has a differential
influence on fitness of sons and daughters (assuming quality is passed
across generations), with the switch point representing the value ofx where mothers should switch bias in sex allocation. (b, c) The
Mighty Males hypothesis is similar to Trivers-Willard, but incubation
temperature influences condition, rather than properties of the mother.
In panels (a) FMF and (b) MF, males should be produced under the
conditions that maximize fitness for both sexes, as males stand to gain
more from good incubation environments, and to lose more bad incubation
environments. In panel (b) the lower TPiv (light grey) is meant to
depict the fact that females can be produced under extremely low
temperatures in MF species (Schwarzkopf & Brooks 1985).
Figure 4 : The evolution of thermal performance gives rise to
embryonic adaptation that is related to thermal variability, which
predicts the extent to which phenotypes are susceptible to thermal
stress. Mighty Males predicts that the range of male-producing
temperatures will be wider when embryos are adapted to environments that
feature regular incursions into thermal extremes. (a) The evolution of
thermal performance in a seasonal environment (e.g., northern latitude),
with the histogram of environmentally relevant temperature (and mean
embryonic temperature, To) in the background. Phenotypes experience
thermal extremes and a wide range of incubation temperature. Males are
produced over a relatively wide-range of incubation temperatures as
individuals evolve to be robust under thermal variability. (b) The
evolution of thermal performance in an aseasonal environment (e.g.,
tropics). Males are produced under a narrow range of temperature because
embryos are less subject to thermal variability, and hence are not
tolerant of thermal extremes. (c) Redrawn from Ewert et al. (2003).
Thermal reaction norms for sex were measured at constant temperatures in
snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina ) populations from Minnesota
(MN), Michigan (MI), Indiana (IN), Arkansas and Louisiana (AR-LA),
western Florida (W.FL) and peninsular Florida (P.FL). Note that the
range of male-producing temperatures seems to decline with approximate
latitude, to the point that no temperature produces 100% males in more
southern areas.