6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would to thank the Basic Science Advanced Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Bandung Institute of Technology and the Applied Geophysics and Exploration Laboratory, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, for providing us the experimental set-up and the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of Republic of Indonesia for providing us financial support. We are very grateful to all our colleagues for their suggestions.
7. FIGURES
FIGURE 1 Experimental set-up for the measurement of electrical resistivity where C1 and C2 are electrical current electrodes, and P1 and P2 are potential electrodes. The X, Y, and Z indicates the position of the brine injection (X for the bottom position, Y for the middle position, and Z for the top position).
FIGURE 2 Measurement of electrical resistivity in copper and brass cylinders, and comparison between DC and AC resistivity measurements of saturated sandpack.
FIGURE 3 Log resistivity vs brine saturation: (a) Samples A with mesh size 10/20; (b) Sample B with mesh size 20-40; (c) Sample C with mesh size 40-60.
FIGURE 4 Log resistivity vs brine saturation: (a) Samples X that injected with brine from bottom position; (b) Samples Y that injected with brine from middle position.
FIGURE 5 2-D slices of digital sample images with same image scales: (a) sample A; (b) sample B; (c) sample C. 3-D digital sample images: (d) sample A; (e) sample B; (f) sample C.
FIGURE 6 Digital image analysis: (a) pore size distribution of Samples A, B, and C; (b) 2-D porosity calculation where the dashed line is the value of bulk porosity. FIGURE 7 Log resitivity vs time data of sample Bx and By in first saturation and measurements are made right after brine injection.
FIGURE 8 Resistivity measurements of the three horizontal samples on dry condition and saturated. (a) left-side; (b) middle; (c) right-side. The green colour is the brine injected into the samples
FIGURE 9 Illustration of saturated samples: (a) the brine is below the potential electrode P1 (region 1); (b) the brine is between two potential electrodes P1 and P2 (region 2); (c) the brine passes through the potential electrode P2 (region 3).
FIGURE 10 Observation on the samples that injected with brine from the middle position: (a) sample A; (b) sample B; (c) sample C.
FIGURE 11 Log resistivity vs brine: (a) samples A; (c) sample B; (c) sample C.
FIGURE 12 Calculation of electrical resistivity: (a) samples A; (c) sample B; (c) sample C.
8. TABLES
TABLE 1 Physical properties of samples.
TABLE 2 Measurement of electrical resistivity in copper and brass cylinders, and comparison between DC and AC resistivity measurements of saturated sandpack.
TABLE 3 The time to reach constant resistivity for each saturation.
TABLE 4 Physical properties of samples that obtained from digital image analysis.
TABLE 5 Contact angle and surface tension of Sample A, B, and C.
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