Figure 4 The changes in the β-diversity patterns; the magnitude
of ecological effects (i.e. the difference between the red and black
dots) was strongest at the district-plot scale, followed by that at the
region-zone and within-plot scales. However, the magnitude was weaker at
the zone-area and area-district scales.
Figure 5 Effects of the environmental filtering (a to
d) and spatial aggregation (e) processes along latitudes.