Particle Particle Size (nm) Size (nm) Surface charge Surface charge concentration concentration Duration Duration Major Findings Major Findings Reference Reference
CuNP, CuONP, ZnONP, AgNP
CuNP, CuONP, ZnONP, AgNP
10-30 (CuNP); 40 (CuONP) 30±10 (ZnONP), 60-120 (AgNP) 10-30 (CuNP); 40 (CuONP) 30±10 (ZnONP), 60-120 (AgNP)
n/a
n/a
0.25, 1.25,2.5, 12.5, 25, 50 mg/g SS
0.25, 1.25,2.5, 12.5, 25, 50 mg/g SS
24 hr
24 hr
no toxic effects observed for up to 50 mg/g SS of CuONP, ZnONP or AgNP; 1.25 mg/g SS of CuNP significantly inhibited nitrogen removal; Anammox granule showed high tolerance to CuNP than flocs; CuNPs caused LDH release; EPS play an important role in CuNP toxicity no toxic effects observed for up to 50 mg/g SS of CuONP, ZnONP or AgNP; 1.25 mg/g SS of CuNP significantly inhibited nitrogen removal; Anammox granule showed high tolerance to CuNP than flocs; CuNPs caused LDH release; EPS play an important role in CuNP toxicity
Zhang et al, 2017a
Zhang et al, 2017a
CuNP, CuONP, ZnONP
CuNP, CuONP, ZnONP
10-30 (CuNP); 40 (CuONP); 30±10 (ZnONP) 10-30 (CuNP); 40 (CuONP); 30±10 (ZnONP)
n/a
n/a
5 mg/g SS
5 mg/g SS
12 hr
12 hr
CuNP toxicity not affected by coexistence of CuONP or ZnO NP CuNP toxicity attenuated by EDTA and S2- CuNP toxicity not affected by coexistence of CuONP or ZnO NP CuNP toxicity attenuated by EDTA and S2-
Zhang et al, 2017b
Zhang et al, 2017b
CuNP
CuNP
10-30
10-30
n/a
n/a
0.5 mg/L for 15 days, 1.0 mg/L for 15 days, 5.0 mg/L for 30 days
0.5 mg/L for 15 days, 1.0 mg/L for 15 days, 5.0 mg/L for 30 days
60 days
60 days
No significant effects for low CuNP concentrations (0.5, 1.0 mg/L); Significant nitrogen removal inhibition and decrease of anammox bacteria observed at 5 mg/L; Inhibition effects can be recovered by CuNP withdrew from the influent No significant effects for low CuNP concentrations (0.5, 1.0 mg/L); Significant nitrogen removal inhibition and decrease of anammox bacteria observed at 5 mg/L; Inhibition effects can be recovered by CuNP withdrew from the influent
Zhang et al, 2017c
Zhang et al, 2017c
ZnO NP
ZnO NP
30±10
30±10
n/a
n/a
1.0 mg/L on day 31; 5.0 mg/L on day 46 and 10 mg/L on day 61
1.0 mg/L on day 31; 5.0 mg/L on day 46 and 10 mg/L on day 61
days days No significant effects at low concentrations (1, 5 mg/L); Acute inhibition at 10 mg/L; no effect on ROS production or LDH release; Recovery after NP withdraw from the effluent No significant effects at low concentrations (1, 5 mg/L); Acute inhibition at 10 mg/L; no effect on ROS production or LDH release; Recovery after NP withdraw from the effluent
Zhang et al, 2018a
Zhang et al, 2018a
Si2O NPs TiO2 NP CeO2 NP α-Al2O3 NP Si2O NPs TiO2 NP CeO2 NP α-Al2O3 NP 30±5 (Si2O); 60 (TiO2); 20-50 (CeO2) 30 (α-Al2O3) 30±5 (Si2O); 60 (TiO2); 20-50 (CeO2) 30 (α-Al2O3) n/a (siO2) hydrophilic (TiO2) n/a (CeO2) hydrophilic (Al2O3) n/a (siO2) hydrophilic (TiO2) n/a (CeO2) hydrophilic (Al2O3) 1 mg/L (day 1-30); 50 mg/L (day 31-60) 200 mg/L (day 61-90) 1 mg/L (day 1-30); 50 mg/L (day 31-60) 200 mg/L (day 61-90)
See “concentration”
See “concentration”
No significant effects on nitrogen removal; Microbial shift Enhanced EPS production No significant effects on nitrogen removal; Microbial shift Enhanced EPS production
Zhang et al, 2018b
Zhang et al, 2018b
Graphene oxide, AgNP
Graphene oxide, AgNP
n/a (GO); 50 (AgNP) n/a (GO); 50 (AgNP)
n/a
n/a
1, 10 mg/L (GO, AgNP)
1, 10 mg/L (GO, AgNP)
61 days
61 days
Acute inhibition by GO (1 & 10 mg/L), recovered by day 20 and reversed by day 61 with enhanced TN removal; No acute effect of AgNP, long-term inhibition effect of AgNP, no signs of recovery till end of study Acute inhibition by GO (1 & 10 mg/L), recovered by day 20 and reversed by day 61 with enhanced TN removal; No acute effect of AgNP, long-term inhibition effect of AgNP, no signs of recovery till end of study
Li et al, 2019
Li et al, 2019
AgNP
AgNP
60-120
60-120
n/a
n/a
1 mg/L on day 31;, 10 mg/L on day 61, and 50 mg/L on day 91
1 mg/L on day 31;, 10 mg/L on day 61, and 50 mg/L on day 91
See “concentration”
See “concentration”
No adverse effects on nitrogen removal; Increased abundance of annamox bacteria; No effects on ROS production or LDH release. No adverse effects on nitrogen removal; Increased abundance of annamox bacteria; No effects on ROS production or LDH release.
Zhang et al, 2018c
Zhang et al, 2018c
NZVI
NZVI
n/a
n/a
zero
zero
0.4-5000 ppb
0.4-5000 ppb
310 days
310 days
Significant enhancement if nitrogen removal rate; Enhanced EPS production; Intermediate dose more efficient in increasing annammox bacteria metabolism Significant enhancement if nitrogen removal rate; Enhanced EPS production; Intermediate dose more efficient in increasing annammox bacteria metabolism
Erdim et al, 2019
Erdim et al, 2019