Land-use mapping
We calculated the surrounding land-use types, from a government dataset for the wet tropics region (DSITI 2016), within two buffer areas around each site: 100 m (field-scale) and 500 m (landscape-scale), using ArcGIS (v.10.6.1, ESRI 2018). We also calculated the proportion of natural habitat at the landscape-scale (500 m radius) from aerial photographs in ArcGIS.