Site selection
Field sites were located on the Atherton Tablelands (17º 18’ S, 145º 29’E to 17º 36’S, 145º 44’ E) in northeast Australia (Fig. S1). Twenty-four sites were selected in four different land-use types (six replicates per land-use) within a mosaic agricultural landscape: remnant forest, avocado orchard, dairy farming, and arable rotation cropping (Fig. S1). These represent the major agricultural and natural land-uses in the study area. Sites were separated by at least 1.5 km, with most at a distance of 3 km from the nearest neighbouring site. These distances are greater than average foraging flight and pollen transport distances for our focal insect taxa, which are generally less than 1.5 km (Zurbuchen et al. 2010; Rader et al. 2011; Smith & Mayfield 2015).