Figure 1 Location of effect sizes from 249 studies used in the
meta-analysis of avian survival rates. The number of survival estimates
reported at each location is illustrated by the size of the circle.
Dashed line represents the equator while dotted lines at 23.4°N and S indicate the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn, respectively, and
delineate the tropics.
Figure 2 Mean avian survival and 95% confidence limits
calculated over the entire dataset and from meta-regression models,
which estimated intercepts independently for data from passerines vs.
nonpasserine birds, Old World vs. New World biogeographic realms, and
mainland vs. islands. Number of effect sizes used in each data subset is
shown in parentheses. Dashed line indicates the difference from the
overall meta-analytical mean.
Figure 3 Relationship between adult survival rate of birds from
the entire dataset and moderator variables included in the joint
extrinsic / intrinsic model (Table 1). Dashed lines represent the best
linear fit based on model predictions estimated from single-predictor
meta-regression models in metafor with 95% confidence intervals
plotted as solid lines. Point sizes reflect the inverse of the standard
error used to weight data points (i.e., more precise estimates appear as
larger points).
Figure 4 Overall effect sizes for the six moderators considered
in the joint extrinsic / intrinsic model for the global dataset (a) and
over data subsets (b–d). Bars indicate 95% confidence limits. Effect
sizes are considered significant where confidence limits do not overlap
zero (dashed line).