REFERENCES
Alerstam, T., Hedenström, A. & Åkesson, S. (2003). Long-distance
migration: evolution and determinants. Oikos , 103, 247–260.
Arnold, T.W. (2010). Uninformative parameters and model selection using
Akaike’s information criterion. J. Wildl. Manage. , 74,
1175–1178.
Barçante, L., M. Vale, M. & Maria, M.A. (2017). Altitudinal migration
by birds: A review of the literature and a comprehensive list of
species. J. F. Ornithol. , 88, 321–335.
Bell, H.L. (1982). Survival among birds of the understorey in lowland
rainforest in Papua New Guinea. Corella , 6, 77–82.
Blake, J.G. & Loiselle, B.A. (2008). Estimates of apparent survival
rates for forest birds in eastern Ecuador. Biotropica , 40,
485–493.
Blake, J.G. & Loiselle, B.A. (2013). Apparent survival rates of forest
birds in eastern Ecuador revisited: Improvement in precision but no
change in estimates. PLoS One , 8, 8–13.
Burnham, K.P. & Anderson, D.R. (2002). Model selection and
multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach . 2nd
ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
Cardillo, M. (2002). The life-history basis of latitudinal diversity
gradients: How do species traits vary from the poles to the equator?J. Anim. Ecol. , 71, 79–87.
Chown, S.L., Sinclair, B.J., Leinaas, H.P. & Gaston, K.J. (2004).
Hemispheric asymmetries in biodiversity: A serious matter for ecology.PLOS Biol. , 2, 1701–1707.
Covas, R., Lepage, D., Boix-Hinzen, C. & du Plessis, M. (1999).
Evolution of sociality and life-history strategies in birds: Confronting
northern perspectives in the southern hemisphere. S. Afr. J.
Sci. , 95, 400–402.
DeSante, D.F., Kaschube, D.R. & Saracco, J.F. (2015). Vital rates
of North American Landbirds . Institue Bird Popul. Available at:
www.VitalRatesOfNorthAmericanLandbirds.org. Last accessed 1 May 2019.
Dowsett, A.R.J. (1985). Site-fidelity and survival rates of some montane
forest birds in Malawi south-central Africa. Biotropica , 17,
145–154.
Evans, K.L., Duncan, R.P., Blackburd, T.M. & Crick, H.Q.P. (2005).
Investigating geographic variation in clutch size using a natural
experiment. Funct. Ecol. , 19, 616–624.
Faaborg, J. & Arendt, W.J. (1995). Survival rates of Puerto Rican
birds: Are islands really that different? Auk , 112, 503–507.
Fogden, M.P.L. (1972). The seasonality and population dynamics of
equatorial forest birds in Sarawak. Ibis (Lond. 1859). , 114,
307–343.
Francis, C.M., Terborgh, J.S. & Fitzpatrick, J.W. (1999). Survival
rates of understorey forest birds in Peru. In: Proceedings 22nd
International Ornithological Congress, Durban, South Africa,16-22 August
1998 (eds. Adams, N.J. & Slotow, R.H.). BirdLife South Africa,
Johannesburg, South Africa, pp. 326–335.
Fry, C.H. (1980). Survival and longevity among tropical land birds. In:Proceedings of the 4th Pan-African Ornithilogical Congress, Mahé,
Seychelles, 6-13 May 1976 (ed. Johnson, D.N.). Southern African
Ornithological Society, Johannesburg, South Africa, pp. 333–343.
Ghalambor, C.K. & Martin, T.E. (2001). Fecundity-survival trade-offs
and parental risk-taking in birds. Science (80-. ). , 292,
494–497.
Healy, K., Guillerme, T., Finlay, S., Kane, A., Kelly, S.B.A., McClean,
D., et al. (2014). Ecology and mode-of-life explain lifespan
variation in birds and mammals. Proceedings. Biol. Sci. , 281,
20140298.
Higgins, J.P.T. & Thompson, S.G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a
meta-analysis. Stat. Med. , 21, 1539–1558.
del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. & E, de J.
(2018). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive .
Jetz, W., Sekercioglu, C.H. & Böhning-Gaese, K. (2008). The worldwide
variation in avian clutch size across species and space. PLOS
Biol. , 6, e303.
Jetz, W., Thomas, G.H., Joy, J.B., Hartmann, K. & Mooers, A.O. (2012).
The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature , 491,
444–448.
Johnston, A., Robinson, R.A., Gargallo, G., Julliard, R., van der Jeugd,
H. & Baillie, S.R. (2016). Survival of Afro-Palaearctic passerine
migrants in western Europe and the impacts of seasonal weather
variables. Ibis (Lond. 1859). , 158, 465–480.
Johnston, J.P., White, S.A., Peach, W.J. & Gregory, R.D. (1997).
Survival rates of tropical and temperate passerines: A Trinidadian
perspective. Am. Nat. , 150, 771–789.
Karr, J.R., Nichols, J.D., Klimkiewicz, M.K. & Brawn, J.D.J.D. (1990).
Survival rates of birds of tropical and temperate forests: Will the
dogma survive? Am. Nat. , 136, 277–291.
Krementz, D.G., Sauer, J.R. & Nichols, J.D. (1989). Model-based
estimates of annual survival rate are preferable to observed maximum
lifespan statistics for use in comparative life-history studies.Oikos , 56, 203–208.
Lack, D. (1947). The significance of clutch-size. Ibis (Lond.
1859). , 89, 302–352.
Lebreton, J.-D.D., Burnham, K.P., Clobert, J. & Anderson, D.R. (1992).
Modeling survival and testing biological hypotheses using marked
animals: A unified approach with case studies. Ecol. Monogr. , 62,
67–118.
Linden, M. & Møller, A.P. (1989). Cost of reproduction and covariation
of life history traits in birds. Trends Ecol. Evol. , 4, 367–371.
Lindstedt, S.L. & Calder, W.A. (1976). Body size and longevity in
birds. Condor , 78, 91–94.
Lindstedt, S.L. & Calder, W.A. (1981). Body size, physiological time,
and longevity of homeothermic animals. Q. Rev. Biol. , 56, 1–16.
Llambías, P.E., Carro, M.E. & Fernández, G.J. (2015). Latitudinal
differences in life-history traits and parental care in northern and
southern temperate zone House Wrens. J. Ornithol. , 156, 933–942.
Lloyd, P., Abadi, F., Altwegg, R. & Martin, T.E. (2014). South
temperate birds have higher apparent adult survival than tropical birds
in Africa. J. Avian Biol. , 45, 493–500.
Maestri, M.L., Ferrati, R. & Berkunsky, I. (2017). Evaluating
management strategies in the conservation of the critically endangered
Blue-throated Macaw (Ara glaucogularis). Ecol. Modell. , 361,
74–79.
Martin, T.E. (1995). Avian life history evolution in relation to nest
sites, nest predation, and food. Ecol. Monogr. , 65, 101–127.
Martin, T.E. (1996). Life history evolution in tropical and south
temperate birds: What do we really know? J. Avian Biol. , 27,
263-272.
Martin, T.E. (2004). Avian life-history evolution has an eminent past:
Does it have a bright future? Auk , 121, 289–301.
Martin, T.E., Bassar, R.D., Bassar, S.K., Fontaine, J.J., Lloyd, P.,
Mathewson, H.A., et al. (2006). Life-history and ecological
correlates of geographic variation in egg and clutch mass among
passerine species. Evolution (N. Y). , 60, 390–398.
McGregor, R., Whittingham, M.J. & Cresswell, W. (2007). Survival rates
of tropical birds in Nigeria, West Africa. Ibis (Lond. 1859). ,
149, 615–618.
Méndez, V., Alves, J.A., Gill, J.A. & Gunnarsson, T.G. (2018). Patterns
and processes in shorebird survival rates: A global review. Ibis
(Lond. 1859). , 160, 723–741.
Moreau, R.E. (1944). Clutch-size: A comparative study, with special
reference to African birds. Ibis (Lond. 1859). , 86, 286–347.
Muñoz, A.P., Kéry, M., Martins, P.V. & Ferraz, G. (2018). Age effects
on survival of Amazon forest birds and the latitudinal gradient in bird
survival. Auk , 135, 299–313.
Murray, B.G. (1985). Evolution of clutch size in tropical species of
birds. Ornithol. Monogr. , 36, 505–519.
Newton, I., McGrady, M.J. & Oli, M.K. (2016). A review of survival
estimates for raptors and owls. Ibis (Lond. 1859). , 158,
227–248.
Nichols, J.D. & Pollock, K.H. (1983). Estimation methodology in
contemporary small mammal capture-recapture studies. J. Mammal. ,
64, 253–260.
Olson, V.A., Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L., Thomas, G.H., Meiri, S.,
Blackburn, T.M., et al. (2009). Global biogeography and ecology
of body size in birds. Ecol. Lett. , 12, 249–259.
Peach, W.J., Hanmer, D.B. & Oatley, T.B. (2001). Do southern African
songbirds live longer than their European counterparts? Oikos ,
93, 235–249.
Promislow, D.E.L. (1993). On size and survival: Progress and pitfalls in
the allometry of life span. J. Gerontol. , 48, B115–B123.
R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical
computing . Vienna, Austria.
Revell, L.J. (2012). An R package for phylogenetic comparative biology
(and other things). Methods Ecol. Evol. , 3.
Ricklefs, R.E. (1977). On the evolution of reproductive strategies in
birds: Reproductive effort. Am. Nat. , 111, 453–478.
Ricklefs, R.E. (1980). Geographical variation in clutch size among
passerine birds: Ashmole’s hypothesis. Auk Ornithol. Adv. , 97,
38–49.
Ricklefs, R.E. (2000). Density dependence, evolutionary optimization,
and the diversification of avian life histories. Condor , 102,
9–22.
Ricklefs, R.E. & Wikelski, M. (2002). The physiology/life-history
nexus. Trends Ecol. Evol. , 17, 462–468.
Robinson, R.A., Baillie, S.R. & Crick, H.Q.P. (2007). Weather-dependent
survival: Implications of climate change for passerine population
processes. Ibis (Lond. 1859). , 149, 357–364.
Rockwell, S.M., Wunderle, J.M., Sillett, T.S., Bocetti, C.I., Ewert,
D.N., Currie, D., et al. (2017). Seasonal survival estimation for
a long-distance migratory bird and the influence of winter
precipitation. Oecologia , 183, 715–726.
Roff, D. (2002). Life history evolution . Sinauer Associates,
Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Roodbergen, M., van der Werf, B. & Hötker, H. (2012). Revealing the
contributions of reproduction and survival to the Europe-wide decline in
meadow birds: Review and meta-analysis. J. Ornithol. , 153,
53–74.
Ruiz-Guitérrez, V., Doherty, P.F., Santana, E.C., Contreras Martínez,
S., Schondube, J., Verdugo Munguía, H., et al. (2012). Survival
of resident Neotropical birds: Considerations for sampling and analysis
based on 20 years of bird-banding efforts in Mexico. Auk , 129,
500–509.
Russell, E.M., Yom-Tov, Y. & Geffen, E. (2004). Extended parental care
and delayed dispersal: Northern, tropical, and southern passerines
compared. Behav. Ecol. , 15, 831–838.
Saether, B.-E. (1988). Pattern of covariation between life-history
traits of European birds. Nature , 331, 616–617.
Salewski, V., Hochachka, W.M. & Fiedler, W. (2013). Multiple weather
factors affect apparent survival of European passerine birds. PLoS
One , 8, e59110–e59110.
Sandercock, B.K. (2006). Estimation of demographic parameters from
live-encounter data: A summary review. Source J. Wildl. Manag. ,
70, 1504–1520.
Shogren, E.H., Jones, M.A., Sandercock, B.K. & Boyle, W.A. (2019).
Apparent survival of tropical birds in a wet, premontane forest in Costa
Rica. J. F. Ornithol. , 90, 117–127.
Sibly, R.M., Witt, C.C., Wright, N.A., Venditti, C., Jetz, W. & Brown,
J.H. (2012). Energetics, lifestyle, and reproduction in birds.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 109, 10937–10941.
Sillett, T.S. & Holmes, R.T. (2002). Variation in survivorship of a
migratory songbird throughout its annual cycle. J. Anim. Ecol. ,
71, 296–308.
Skutch., A.F. (1949). Do tropical birds rear as many young as they can
nourish? Ibis (Lond. 1859). , 91, 430–455.
Snow, D.W. (1962). A field study of the Black and White Manakin, Manacus
manacus, in Trinidad. Zoologica , 47, 65–104.
Speakman, J.R. (2005). Body size, energy metabolism and lifespan.J. Exp. Biol. , 208, 1717–1730.
Stearns, S.C. (1992). The evolution of life histories . Oxford
Univeristy Press, London, UK.
Strimas-Mackey, M., Miller, E. & Hochachka, W. (2018). auk: eBird Data
Extraction and Processing with AWK.
Terrill, R.S. (2018). Feather growth rate increases with latitude in
four species of widespread resident Neotropical birds. Auk , 135,
1055–1063.
Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor
package. J. Stat. Softw. , 36, 1–48.
Williams, G.C. (1966). Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and
a refinement of Lack’s principle. Am. Nat. , 100, 687–690.
Wilman, H., Belmaker, J., Simpson, J., de la Rosa, C., Rivadeneira, M.M.
& Jetz, W. (2014). EltonTraits 1.0: Species-level foraging attributes
of the world’s birds and mammals. Ecology , 95, 2027–2027.
Yom-Tov, Y., Iglesias, G.J. & Christie, M.I. (1994). Clutch size in
passerines of southern South America. Condor Ornithol. Appl. , 96,
170–177.
Table 1 Multi-predictor
meta-regression models of avian survival based on only extrinsic factors
(Latitude and Temp Seasonality combined) or
intrinsic traits (Mass , Clutch size , andNonmigrant ) or a joint model that included both sets of
moderators. Latitude was fitted with separate intercepts for the
northern and southern hemispheres,Temp Seasonality is the difference in mean
temperature of the three warmest vs. three coldest months, andNonmigrant is a binary variable representing species migratory
habit. ΔAICC columns represent the increase in model
AICC when a moderator is dropped relative to the fully
parameterized model. Model coefficients (β ), 95% confidence
intervals are shown for the full models. Significant effects are denoted
as p <0.0001, ***; p <0. 01, **;
or p <0. 05, *. For comparison,
AICC for the random effects only model was 1613.66.