Afi: the values in 2*2 km units of the ith (No.) allocated indicators. Asi: the total value of the ith (No.) allocated indicators in Nanjing City. Wfi: the values in 2*2 km units of the ith (No.) weighting factors. Wsi: the total value of the ith (No.) weighting factors in Nanjing City.
Finally, data standardization was conducted as a standard procedure before training. Standard deviation standardization was used to eliminate the influence of the magnitudes. The land-use factors were represented by individual area proportions (from 0% to 100%) for each type, which were then individually standardized.