Control variables Base case MPSO [19] PSO [19] PSO [19] CLPSO [19] SPA
𝑉𝐺 1 0.955 1.021 1.019 1.085 1.033 1.024
𝑉𝐺 4 0.998 1.044 1.038 1.042 1.055 1.050
𝑉𝐺 6 0.990 1.044 1.044 1.080 0.975 1.029
𝑉𝐺 8 1.015 1.063 1.039 0.968 0.966 1.017
𝑉𝐺 10 1.050 1.084 1.040 1.075 0.981 1.020
𝑉𝐺 12 0.990 1.032 1.029 1.022 1.009 1.014
𝑉𝐺 15 0.970 1.024 1.020 1.078 0.978 1.013
𝑉𝐺 18 0.973 1.042 1.016 1.049 1.079 1.037
𝑉𝐺 19 0.962 1.031 1.015 1.077 1.080 1.015
𝑉𝐺 24 0.992 1.058 1.033 1.082 1.028 1.027
𝑉𝐺 25 1.050 1.064 1.059 0.956 1.030 1.046
𝑉𝐺 26 1.015 1.033 1.049 1.080 0.987 1.034
𝑉𝐺 27 0.968 1.020 1.021 1.087 1.015 0.927
𝑉𝐺31 0.967 1.023 1.012 0.960 0.961 0.942
𝑉𝐺 32 0.963 1.023 1.018 1.100 0.985 0.965
𝑉𝐺 34 0.984 1.034 1.023 0.961 1.015 1.021
𝑉𝐺 36 0.980 1.035 1.014 1.036 1.084 1.019
𝑉𝐺 40 0.970 1.016 1.015 1.091 0.983 0.977
𝑉𝐺 42 0.985 1.019 1.015 0.970 1.051 1.018
𝑉𝐺 46 1.005 1.010 1.017 1.039 0.975 1.010
𝑉𝐺 49 1.025 1.045 1.030 1.083 0.983 1.012
𝑉𝐺 54 0.955 1.029 1.020 0.976 0.963 0.954
𝑉𝐺 55 0.952 1.031 1.017 1.010 0.971 0.972
𝑉𝐺56 0.954 1.029 1.018 0.953 1.025 0.966
𝑉𝐺 59 0.985 1.052 1.042 0.967 1.000 0.987
𝑉𝐺 61 0.995 1.042 1.029 1.093 1.077 0.980
𝑉𝐺 62 0.998 1.029 1.029 1.097 1.048 0.990
𝑉𝐺 65 1.005 1.054 1.042 1.089 0.968 1.001
𝑉𝐺 66 1.050 1.056 1.054 1.086 0.964 1.014
𝑉𝐺 69 1.035 1.072 1.058 0.966 0.957 1.052
𝑉𝐺 70 0.984 1.040 1.031 1.078 0.976 1.033
𝑉𝐺 72 0.980 1.039 1.039 0.950 1.024 1.045
𝑉𝐺 73 0.991 1.028 1.015 0.972 0.965 1.014
𝑉𝐺 74 0.958 1.032 1.029 0.971 1.073 1.013
𝑉𝐺 76 0.943 1.005 1.021 0.960 1.030 1.002
𝑉𝐺 77 1.006 1.038 1.026 1.078 1.027 1.014
𝑉𝐺 80 1.040 1.049 1.038 1.078 0.985 1.006
𝑉𝐺 85 0.985 1.024 1.024 0.956 0.983 1.014
𝑉𝐺 87 1.015 1.019 1.022 0.964 1.088 1.013
𝑉𝐺 89 1.000 1.074 1.061 0.974 0.989 1.042
𝑉𝐺 90 1.005 1.045 1.032 1.024 0.990 1.043
𝑉𝐺 91 0.980 1.052 1.033 0.961 1.028 1.021
𝑉𝐺 92 0.990 1.058 1.038 0.956 0.976 1.010
𝑉𝐺 99 1.010 1.023 1.037 0.954 1.088 1.002
𝑉𝐺 100 1.017 1.049 1.037 0.958 0.961 1.015
𝑉𝐺 103 1.010 1.045 1.031 1.016 0.961 1.020
𝑉𝐺 104 0.971 1.035 1.031 1.099 1.012 1.012
𝑉𝐺 105 0.965 1.043 1.029 0.969 1.068 1.043
𝑉𝐺 107 0.952 1.023 1.008 0.965 0.976 1.022
𝑉𝐺 110 0.973 1.032 1.028 1.087 1.041 1.013
𝑉𝐺 111 0.980 1.035 1.039 1.037 0.979 1.010
𝑉𝐺 112 0.975 1.018 1.019 1.092 0.976 1.090
𝑉𝐺 113 0.993 1.043 1.027 1.075 0.972 1.021
𝑉𝐺 116 1.005 1.011 1.031 0.959 1.033 1.004
𝑇𝑎𝑝 8 0.985 0.999 0.994 1.011 1.004 0.942
𝑇𝑎𝑝 32 0.960 1.017 1.013 1.090 1.060 1.002
𝑇𝑎𝑝 36 0.960 0.994 0.997 1.003 1.000 0.950
𝑇𝑎𝑝 51 0.935 0.998 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.941
𝑇𝑎𝑝 93 0.960 1.000 0.997 1.008 0.992 1.004
𝑇𝑎𝑝 95 0.985 0.995 1.020 1.032 1.007 0.982
𝑇𝑎𝑝 102 0.935 1.024 1.004 0.944 1.061 1.014
𝑇𝑎𝑝 107 0.935 0.989 1.008 0.906 0.930 0.963
𝑇𝑎𝑝 127 0.935 1.010 1.009 0.967 0.957 1.002
𝑄𝐶 34 0.140 0.049 0.048 0.093 0.117 0.014
𝑄𝐶 44 0.100 0.026 0.026 0.093 0.098 0.010
𝑄𝐶 45 0.100 0.196 0.197 0.086 0.094 0.172
𝑄𝐶 46 0.100 0.117 0.118 0.089 0.026 0.124
𝑄𝐶 48 0.150 0.056 0.056 0.118 0.028 0.030
𝑄𝐶 74 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.046 0.005 0.114
𝑄𝐶 79 0.200 0.139 0.140 0.105 0. 148 0.103
𝑄𝐶 82 0.200 0.180 0.180 0.164 0.194 0.152
𝑄𝐶 83 0.100 0.166 0.166 0.096 0.069 0.136
𝑄𝐶 105 0.200 0.189 0.190 0.089 0.090 0.162
𝑄𝐶 107 0.060 0.128 0.129 0.050 0.049 0.143
𝑄𝐶 110 0.060 0.014 0.014 0.055 0.022 0.014
PG(MW) 4374.8 4359.3 4361.4 NR* NR* 4422.12
QG(MVAR) 795.6 604.3 653.5 * NR* NR* 627.941
Reduction in PLOSS (%) 0 11.7 10.1 0.6 1.3 12.68
Total PLOSS (Mw) 132.8 117.19 119.34 131.99 130.96 115.960