Control variables |
Base case |
MPSO [19] |
PSO [19] |
PSO
[19] |
CLPSO [19] |
SPA |
𝑉𝐺 1 |
0.955 |
1.021 |
1.019 |
1.085 |
1.033 |
1.024 |
𝑉𝐺 4 |
0.998 |
1.044 |
1.038 |
1.042 |
1.055 |
1.050 |
𝑉𝐺 6 |
0.990 |
1.044 |
1.044 |
1.080 |
0.975 |
1.029 |
𝑉𝐺 8 |
1.015 |
1.063 |
1.039 |
0.968 |
0.966 |
1.017 |
𝑉𝐺 10 |
1.050 |
1.084 |
1.040 |
1.075 |
0.981 |
1.020 |
𝑉𝐺 12 |
0.990 |
1.032 |
1.029 |
1.022 |
1.009 |
1.014 |
𝑉𝐺 15 |
0.970 |
1.024 |
1.020 |
1.078 |
0.978 |
1.013 |
𝑉𝐺 18 |
0.973 |
1.042 |
1.016 |
1.049 |
1.079 |
1.037 |
𝑉𝐺 19 |
0.962 |
1.031 |
1.015 |
1.077 |
1.080 |
1.015 |
𝑉𝐺 24 |
0.992 |
1.058 |
1.033 |
1.082 |
1.028 |
1.027 |
𝑉𝐺 25 |
1.050 |
1.064 |
1.059 |
0.956 |
1.030 |
1.046 |
𝑉𝐺 26 |
1.015 |
1.033 |
1.049 |
1.080 |
0.987 |
1.034 |
𝑉𝐺 27 |
0.968 |
1.020 |
1.021 |
1.087 |
1.015 |
0.927 |
𝑉𝐺31 |
0.967 |
1.023 |
1.012 |
0.960 |
0.961 |
0.942 |
𝑉𝐺 32 |
0.963 |
1.023 |
1.018 |
1.100 |
0.985 |
0.965 |
𝑉𝐺 34 |
0.984 |
1.034 |
1.023 |
0.961 |
1.015 |
1.021 |
𝑉𝐺 36 |
0.980 |
1.035 |
1.014 |
1.036 |
1.084 |
1.019 |
𝑉𝐺 40 |
0.970 |
1.016 |
1.015 |
1.091 |
0.983 |
0.977 |
𝑉𝐺 42 |
0.985 |
1.019 |
1.015 |
0.970 |
1.051 |
1.018 |
𝑉𝐺 46 |
1.005 |
1.010 |
1.017 |
1.039 |
0.975 |
1.010 |
𝑉𝐺 49 |
1.025 |
1.045 |
1.030 |
1.083 |
0.983 |
1.012 |
𝑉𝐺 54 |
0.955 |
1.029 |
1.020 |
0.976 |
0.963 |
0.954 |
𝑉𝐺 55 |
0.952 |
1.031 |
1.017 |
1.010 |
0.971 |
0.972 |
𝑉𝐺56 |
0.954 |
1.029 |
1.018 |
0.953 |
1.025 |
0.966 |
𝑉𝐺 59 |
0.985 |
1.052 |
1.042 |
0.967 |
1.000 |
0.987 |
𝑉𝐺 61 |
0.995 |
1.042 |
1.029 |
1.093 |
1.077 |
0.980 |
𝑉𝐺 62 |
0.998 |
1.029 |
1.029 |
1.097 |
1.048 |
0.990 |
𝑉𝐺 65 |
1.005 |
1.054 |
1.042 |
1.089 |
0.968 |
1.001 |
𝑉𝐺 66 |
1.050 |
1.056 |
1.054 |
1.086 |
0.964 |
1.014 |
𝑉𝐺 69 |
1.035 |
1.072 |
1.058 |
0.966 |
0.957 |
1.052 |
𝑉𝐺 70 |
0.984 |
1.040 |
1.031 |
1.078 |
0.976 |
1.033 |
𝑉𝐺 72 |
0.980 |
1.039 |
1.039 |
0.950 |
1.024 |
1.045 |
𝑉𝐺 73 |
0.991 |
1.028 |
1.015 |
0.972 |
0.965 |
1.014 |
𝑉𝐺 74 |
0.958 |
1.032 |
1.029 |
0.971 |
1.073 |
1.013 |
𝑉𝐺 76 |
0.943 |
1.005 |
1.021 |
0.960 |
1.030 |
1.002 |
𝑉𝐺 77 |
1.006 |
1.038 |
1.026 |
1.078 |
1.027 |
1.014 |
𝑉𝐺 80 |
1.040 |
1.049 |
1.038 |
1.078 |
0.985 |
1.006 |
𝑉𝐺 85 |
0.985 |
1.024 |
1.024 |
0.956 |
0.983 |
1.014 |
𝑉𝐺 87 |
1.015 |
1.019 |
1.022 |
0.964 |
1.088 |
1.013 |
𝑉𝐺 89 |
1.000 |
1.074 |
1.061 |
0.974 |
0.989 |
1.042 |
𝑉𝐺 90 |
1.005 |
1.045 |
1.032 |
1.024 |
0.990 |
1.043 |
𝑉𝐺 91 |
0.980 |
1.052 |
1.033 |
0.961 |
1.028 |
1.021 |
𝑉𝐺 92 |
0.990 |
1.058 |
1.038 |
0.956 |
0.976 |
1.010 |
𝑉𝐺 99 |
1.010 |
1.023 |
1.037 |
0.954 |
1.088 |
1.002 |
𝑉𝐺 100 |
1.017 |
1.049 |
1.037 |
0.958 |
0.961 |
1.015 |
𝑉𝐺 103 |
1.010 |
1.045 |
1.031 |
1.016 |
0.961 |
1.020 |
𝑉𝐺 104 |
0.971 |
1.035 |
1.031 |
1.099 |
1.012 |
1.012 |
𝑉𝐺 105 |
0.965 |
1.043 |
1.029 |
0.969 |
1.068 |
1.043 |
𝑉𝐺 107 |
0.952 |
1.023 |
1.008 |
0.965 |
0.976 |
1.022 |
𝑉𝐺 110 |
0.973 |
1.032 |
1.028 |
1.087 |
1.041 |
1.013 |
𝑉𝐺 111 |
0.980 |
1.035 |
1.039 |
1.037 |
0.979 |
1.010 |
𝑉𝐺 112 |
0.975 |
1.018 |
1.019 |
1.092 |
0.976 |
1.090 |
𝑉𝐺 113 |
0.993 |
1.043 |
1.027 |
1.075 |
0.972 |
1.021 |
𝑉𝐺 116 |
1.005 |
1.011 |
1.031 |
0.959 |
1.033 |
1.004 |
𝑇𝑎𝑝 8 |
0.985 |
0.999 |
0.994 |
1.011 |
1.004 |
0.942 |
𝑇𝑎𝑝 32 |
0.960 |
1.017 |
1.013 |
1.090 |
1.060 |
1.002 |
𝑇𝑎𝑝 36 |
0.960 |
0.994 |
0.997 |
1.003 |
1.000 |
0.950 |
𝑇𝑎𝑝 51 |
0.935 |
0.998 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
0.941 |
𝑇𝑎𝑝 93 |
0.960 |
1.000 |
0.997 |
1.008 |
0.992 |
1.004 |
𝑇𝑎𝑝 95 |
0.985 |
0.995 |
1.020 |
1.032 |
1.007 |
0.982 |
𝑇𝑎𝑝 102 |
0.935 |
1.024 |
1.004 |
0.944 |
1.061 |
1.014 |
𝑇𝑎𝑝 107 |
0.935 |
0.989 |
1.008 |
0.906 |
0.930 |
0.963 |
𝑇𝑎𝑝 127 |
0.935 |
1.010 |
1.009 |
0.967 |
0.957 |
1.002 |
𝑄𝐶 34 |
0.140 |
0.049 |
0.048 |
0.093 |
0.117 |
0.014 |
𝑄𝐶 44 |
0.100 |
0.026 |
0.026 |
0.093 |
0.098 |
0.010 |
𝑄𝐶 45 |
0.100 |
0.196 |
0.197 |
0.086 |
0.094 |
0.172 |
𝑄𝐶 46 |
0.100 |
0.117 |
0.118 |
0.089 |
0.026 |
0.124 |
𝑄𝐶 48 |
0.150 |
0.056 |
0.056 |
0.118 |
0.028 |
0.030 |
𝑄𝐶 74 |
0.120 |
0.120 |
0.120 |
0.046 |
0.005 |
0.114 |
𝑄𝐶 79 |
0.200 |
0.139 |
0.140 |
0.105 |
0. 148 |
0.103 |
𝑄𝐶 82 |
0.200 |
0.180 |
0.180 |
0.164 |
0.194 |
0.152 |
𝑄𝐶 83 |
0.100 |
0.166 |
0.166 |
0.096 |
0.069 |
0.136 |
𝑄𝐶 105 |
0.200 |
0.189 |
0.190 |
0.089 |
0.090 |
0.162 |
𝑄𝐶 107 |
0.060 |
0.128 |
0.129 |
0.050 |
0.049 |
0.143 |
𝑄𝐶 110 |
0.060 |
0.014 |
0.014 |
0.055 |
0.022 |
0.014 |
PG(MW) |
4374.8 |
4359.3 |
4361.4 |
NR* |
NR* |
4422.12 |
QG(MVAR) |
795.6 |
604.3 |
653.5 |
* NR* |
NR* |
627.941 |
Reduction in PLOSS (%) |
0 |
11.7 |
10.1 |
0.6 |
1.3 |
12.68 |
Total PLOSS (Mw) |
132.8 |
117.19 |
119.34 |
131.99 |
130.96 |
115.960 |