7. Renal Disease
Cystatin C is regarded as a crucial 0marker for the evaluation of glomerular filtration rate [76]. A phage display-based nanobody library was used to extract cystatin C nanobody which was then integrated into titanium dioxide nanotube immunosensor. This sensor resulted in the detection of serum cystatin C with great sensitivity and specificity [77]. Similarly, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM1) that is over expressed in damaged tubular cells, ischemic kidney injury and kidney, ovarian and lung cancer conditions, has also been used as antigen for biopanning in order to obtain a peptide that could bind in KIM1-overexprressed cells, especially in renal carcinoma cells [78].
In a recent study, Kim, et al. [79] reported the extraction of agonist of cMet, the transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor for hepatocyte growth factor, using scFv phage library for antigen biopanning. The antibody had high affinity for cMet and mediated cell migration and proliferation, thereby alleviating kidney fibrosis. The effects were seen by the reduction in the expression of αSMA (alpha smooth muscle actin), fibronectin and Bax-2 (Bcl-2 associated x protein) while, increasing the expression of Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma) and phospho-cMet proteins.