7. Renal Disease
Cystatin C is regarded as a crucial 0marker for the evaluation of
glomerular filtration rate [76]. A phage display-based nanobody
library was used to extract cystatin C nanobody which was then
integrated into titanium dioxide nanotube immunosensor. This sensor
resulted in the detection of serum cystatin C with great sensitivity and
specificity [77]. Similarly, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM1) that is
over expressed in damaged tubular cells, ischemic kidney injury and
kidney, ovarian and lung cancer conditions, has also been used as
antigen for biopanning in order to obtain a peptide that could bind in
KIM1-overexprressed cells, especially in renal carcinoma cells [78].
In a recent study, Kim, et al. [79] reported the extraction of
agonist of cMet, the transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor for
hepatocyte growth factor, using scFv phage library for antigen
biopanning. The antibody had high affinity for cMet and mediated cell
migration and proliferation, thereby alleviating kidney fibrosis. The
effects were seen by the reduction in the expression of αSMA (alpha
smooth muscle actin), fibronectin and Bax-2 (Bcl-2 associated x protein)
while, increasing the expression of Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma) and
phospho-cMet proteins.