Figure 13 The simulation output of AFD for Frequency=50.4 Hz, Cf=0.0504 Detection time, t=0.1005 s and load VPCC stop at t=0.0.1672 s
Despite, the active methods have small NDZ, but unfortunately it leads to decreasing power quality of the system. In addition to, these methods may change the magnitude of the output for the inverter either frequency or current. Although, there are some active methods can detect islanding without decreasing power quality, it will require using many controllers that will increase the complexity for the implementation and more expensive than the other local techniques [32,33 ,34 ,35 ,36 ,37 ,38 ,39 ,40]. AI detection techniques are explained in detail in the rest of this subsection.