Figure 1. Principle of MACC and comparison with classic cooling crystallizations. (a) Schematic diagram of the ideal MACC process; (b) Micro force field model of surface induced nucleation and self-seeding process (c) Comparison of the different force acting on the crystal with different size; (d) Heat transfer model of membrane module in MACC; (e) cooling crystallization with artifical seeding; (f) cooling crystallization with spontaneous nucleation.