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\begin{document}

\title{ChinaSpec: a Network for Long-term Ground-based Measurements of
Solar-induced Fluorescence in China}



\author[1]{Yongguang Zhang}%
\author[1]{Qian Zhang}%
\author[2]{Liangyun Liu}%
\author[3]{Wang Shao-qiang}%
\author[4]{Weimin Ju}%
\author[5]{Jianwu Tang}%
\author[6]{Ying Huang}%
\author[7]{Xudong Zhu}%
\author[8]{Feng Wang}%
\author[9]{Jinsong Zhang}%
\author[10]{Guangsheng Zhou}%
\author[11]{Li Zhou}%
\author[12]{Xuguang Tang}%
\author[1]{Zhaoying Zhang}%
\author[1]{Bo Qiu}%
\author[1]{Xiaokang Zhang}%
\author[13]{Songhan Wang}%
\author[14]{Yangjian Zhang}%
\author[15]{Changping Huang}%
\affil[1]{Nanjing University}%
\affil[2]{Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth}%
\affil[3]{Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China}%
\affil[4]{Internation Institute of Earth Sysmte Science}%
\affil[5]{Marine Biological Laboratory}%
\affil[6]{State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University}%
\affil[7]{Xiamen University}%
\affil[8]{Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry}%
\affil[9]{Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry}%
\affil[10]{Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences}%
\affil[11]{State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science,}%
\affil[12]{Southwest University}%
\affil[13]{International Institute for Earth System Sciences,Nanjing University}%
\affil[14]{Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[15]{Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Remotely sensed solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) has emerged as a novel
and powerful approach for terrestrial vegetation monitoring. Continuous
measurements of SIF in synergy with concurrent eddy covariance (EC) flux
measurements can provide a new opportunity to advance terrestrial
ecosystem science. Here we introduce a network of ground-based
continuous SIF observations at flux tower sites across the mainland
China referred to as ChinaSpec. The network consists of sixteen tower
sites including 6 cropland sites, 4 grassland sites, 4 forest sites and
2 wetland sites. An automated SIF system was deployed at each of these
sites to collect continuous high resolution spectra for high-frequency
SIF retrievals in synergy with EC flux measurements. The goal of
ChinaSpec is to provide long-term ground-based SIF measurements and
promote the collaborations between optical remote sensing and EC flux
observation communities in China. We present here the details of
instrument specifications, data collection and processing procedures,
data sharing and utilization protocols, and future plans. Furthermore,
we show the examples how ground-based SIF observations can be used to
track vegetation photosynthesis from diurnal to seasonal scales, and to
assist in the validation of fluorescence models and satellite SIF
products (e.g., from OCO-2 and TROPOMI) with the measurements from these
sites since 2016. This network of SIF observations could improve our
understanding of the controls on the biosphere-atmosphere carbon
exchange and enable the improvement of carbon flux predictions. It will
also help integrate ground-based SIF measurements with EC flux networks
which will advance ecosystem and carbon cycle researches globally.%
\end{abstract}%



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