Materials
Fifteen shortening samples (5 kg) were purchased directly from the
different factories in Iran (summer 2016). All samples were transferred
to the laboratory, packaged and stored in a refrigerator (4 °C) until
analyses. Prior to analyses, shortening samples were molten at 60 °C to
obtain homogenous samples. Chemicals were of analytical grade and
purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).