References
1.BromLey B, Doubilet P, Frigoletto FD,Krauss C, Estroff JA, Benacerraf
BR.Is fetal hyperechoic bowel on second-trimester sonogram an indication
for amniocentesis? Obstet Gynecol.1994;83: 647-651.
2.Irish MS, Ragi JM, Karamanoukian H, Borowitz DS, Schmidt D, GlickPL.
Prenatal diagnosis of the fetus with cystic fibrosis and meconium
ileus.Pediatr Surg Int.1997;12: 434-436.
3.Bahado-Singh R, Morotti R, Copel JA, Mahoney MJ. Hyperechoic fetal
bowel: The perinatal consequences. Prenat Diagn.1994;14(10): 981-987.
4.Al-Kouatly HB, Chasen ST, Streltzoff J, Chervenak FA . The
clinical significance of fetal echogenic bowel. Am J Obstet Gynecol.
2001;185(5):1035-1038.
5.Slotnick RN, Abuhamad AZ. Prognostic implications of fetal echogenic
bowel. Lancet. 1996;347(8994): 85-87.
6. Kesrouani AK, Guibourdenche J, Muller F, Denamur E,Vuillard E, Garel
C,et al. Etiology and outcome of fetal echogenic bowel. J Fetal Diagn
Ther. 2003;18(4): 240-246.
7. Bashiri A, Burstein E, Hershkowitz R,Maor E, Landau D, Mazor M . Fetal echogenic bowel at 17 weeks’
gestational age as the early and only sign of a very long segment of
Hirschsprung disease. J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27(7): 1125-1226.
8. Caspi B, Elchalal U, Hagay Z, Hellman Y, Juster A, Manor M.
Echogenicity of the fetal bowel due to gas accumulation. J Ultrasound
Med. 1993;12:231-233.
9. Escherich T. The intestinal bacteria of the neonate and breast-fed
infant. Rev Infect Dis. 1885;11:352-356.
10. Collado MC, Rautava S, Aakko J, Isolauri E,Salminen S. Human gut
colonization may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities
in the placenta and amniotic fluid. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23129.
11. Jiménez E, Marín ML, Martín R, Odriozola JM,Olivares M,XausJ,et al.
Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile? Res Microbio.
2008;159(3):187-193.
12. Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R,Petrosino J,Versalovic J. The
placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6:237ra65.
13. Steel JH, Malatos S, Kennea N, Edwards AD,Miles L,Duggan P ,et al.
Bacteria and inflammatory cells in fetal membranes do not always cause
preterm labor. Pediatr Res. 2005;57:404-419.
14. Stout MJ, Conlon B, Landeau M, Lee I, Bower C, Zhao Q, et al.
Identification of intracellular bacteria in the basal plate of the human
placenta in term and preterm gestations. Am J Obstet Gynecol.
2013;208(3):226.e1-7.
15. de Goffau MC, Lager S, Sovio U, Gaccioli F,Cook E,Peacock SJ,et al.
Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens.
Nature. 2019;572: 329-334.
16. Martinez KA, Romano-Keeler J, Zackular JP, Moore DJ,Brucker RM,
Hooper C,et al. Bacterial DNA is present in the fetal intestine and
overlaps with that in the placenta in mice. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):
e0197439.
17. Liu CJ, Liang X, Niu ZY, Jin Q,Zeng XQ,Wang WX,et al. Is the
delivery mode a critical factor for the microbial communities in the
meconium. E BioMedicine. 2019;49: 354-363.
18. Guzzardi MA, Ait Ali L, D’Aurizio
R,Rizzo F,Saggese P, Sanguinetti E,
et al. Fetal cardiac growth is associated with in utero gut
colonization. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.2019;29(2): 170-176.
19. Zhang W, Ma C,Xie P, Zhu Q,Wang X,Yin Y,et al. Gut microbiota of
newborn piglets with intrauterine growth restriction have lower
diversity and different taxonomic abundances. J Appl Microbiol.
2019;127(2): 354-369.
20. Lince DM, Pretorius DH, Manco-Johnson ML, Manchester D, Clewell WH.
The clinical significance of increased echogenicity in the fetal
abdomen. AJR Am J Roentgenol.1985;145(4): 683-686.
21. Butel MJ, Waligora-Dupriet AJ, Wydau-Dematteis S. The developing gut
microbiota and its consequences for health.J Dev Orig Health Dis.
2018;9(6): 590-597.
22. Ott SJ, Musfeldt M, Wenderoth DF, Hampe J,Brant O,Fölsch UR,et al.
Reduction in diversity of the colonic mucosa associated bacterial
microflora in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease.Gut.
2004;53(5): 685-693.
23. Chang Ju Young, Antonopoulos Dionysios A, Kalra Apoorv,Tonelli A,
Khalife WT,Schmidt TM, et al. Decreased diversity of the fecal
Microbiome in recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J
Infect Dis.2008;197(3): 435-438.
24. Patel Y, Boyd PA, Chamberlain P, Lakhoo K. Follow-up of children
with isolated fetal echogenic bowel with particular reference to
bowel-related symptoms. Prenat Diagn.2004;24(1): 35-37.
25. Fança-Berthon P, Michel C, Pagniez A,Rival M,Van
Seuningen I, Darmaun D ,et al. Intrauterine growth restriction
alters postnatal colonic barrier maturation in rats. Pediatr
Res.2009;66(1): 47-52.
26. Maruyama K, Koizumi T. Superior mesenteric artery blood flow
velocity in small for gestational age infants of very low birth weight
during the early neonatal period. J Perinat Med.2001;29(1): 64-70.
27. Sepulveda W, Nicolaidis P, Mai AM, Hassan J, Fisk NM . Is
isolated second-trimester hyperechogenic bowel a predictor of suboptimal
fetal growth? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.1996;7: 104-107.
28. Briaud P, Camus L, Bastien S,Doléans-Jordheim A, Vandenesch F,
Moreau K. Coexistence with Pseudomonas aeruginosa alters Staphylococcus
aureus transcriptome, antibiotic resistance and internalization into
epithelial cells. Sci Rep.2019;9(1): 16564.
29. Buiter HD, Holswilder-Olde Scholtenhuis MA, Bouman K, van Baren
R,Bilardo CM,Bos AF. Outcome of infants presenting with echogenic bowel
in the second trimester of pregnancy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal
Ed.2013; 98(3): F256-259.
30. Stauffer A, Lallemand A, Gaillard D. Mucin histochemistry of the
digestive tract in the human fetus. Gastroenterol Clin Biol.1990;14:
561-566.
31. Ambort D, van der Post S, Johansson ME, Thomsson E,Krengel U,
Hansson GC. Function of the CysD domain of the gel-forming MUC2 mucin.
Biochem J.2011;436(1): 61-70.
32. Johansson ME, Larsson JM, Hansson GC. The two mucus layers of colon
are organized by the MUC2 mucin, whereas the outer layer is a legislator
of host-microbial interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; null:
4659-4665.
33. Evans GS, Potten CS. The distribution of endocrine cells along the
mouse intestine: a quantitative immunocytochemical study. Virchows Arch
B Cell Pathol.1988, 56(3): 191-199.
34. Hasnain SZ, Gallagher AL, Grencis RK, Thornton DJ. A new role for
mucins in immunity: insights from gastrointestinal nematode infection.
Int J Biochem Cell Biol .2013;45(2): 364-374.
35. Phalipon A, Cardona A, Kraehenbuhl JP, Edelman L, Sansonetti PJ,
Corthésy B. Secretory component: a new role in secretory IgA-mediated
immune exclusion in vivo. Immunity.2002;17(1): 107-115.
36. Duerr CU, Hornef MW. The mammalian intestinal epithelium as integral
player in the establishment and maintenance of host-microbial
homeostasis. Semin Immunol .2012;24(1): 25-35.
37. Ghenghesh KS, Drucker DB. Gas liquid chromatography of amines
produced by the Enterobacteriaceae. Braz J Med Biol Res .1989;22:
653-65.
38. Barton LL, Ritz NL, Fauque GD, Lin HC. Sulfur cycling and the
intestinal microbiome. Dig Dis Sci.2017;62: 2241-2257.
39. Tomasova L, Konopelski P, Ufnal M. Gut bacteria and hydrogen
sulfide: The new old players in circulatory system homeostasis.
Molecules. 2016;21: undefined.
40. Ijssennagger N, van der Meer R, van Mil SW. Sulfide as a mucus
barrier-breaker in inflammatory bowel disease? Trends Mol Med.2016;
22:190-199.
41. Indiani CMDSP , Rizzardi KF, Castelo PM ,Ferraz LFC, Darrieux M,
Parisotto TM.Childhood Obesity and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio
in the Gut Microbiota:A Systematic Review.Child Obes.2018;14: 501-509.