Funding
None of the authors has a financial interest or commercial association
to declare in relation to the content of this article.
References
1. Wiegand S, Berner R, Schneider A, Lundershausen E, Dietz A. Otitis
externa. Dtsch Arztebl Int . 2019 Mar 29;116(13):224–34.
2. Roland PS, Stroman DW. Microbiology of Acute Otitis Externa.Laryngoscope . 2002 Jul;112(7):1166–77.
3. Martin TJ, Kerschner JE, Flanary VA. Fungal causes of otitis externa
and tympanostomy tube otorrhea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol .
2005 Nov; 69(11):1503–8.
4. Martinez Devesa P, Willis CM, Capper JWR. External auditory canal pH
in chronic otitis externa. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci . 2003
Aug;28(4):320–4.
5. Mcshane D, Alun-Jones T, Walsh M. What causes acute otitis externa?J Laryngol Otol. 1993;107(10):898–901.
6. David O. Otitis Externa: Review and Clinical Update - American Family
Physician. Am Fam Physician . 2006. p. 1;74(9):1510-1516.
7. Hajioff D, Mackeith S. Otitis externa. BMJ Clin Evid . 2008
Jun. pii: 0510.
8. Pabla L, Jindal M, Latif K. The management of otitis externa in UK
general practice. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology .
2012;269(3):753–6.
9. Rowlands S, Devalia H, Smith C, Hubbard R, Dean A. Otitis externa in
UK general practice: A survey using the UK General Practice Research
Database. Br J Gen Pract . 2001; 51(468):533–8.
10. Lister PD, Wolter DJ, Hanson ND. Antibacterial-resistant Pseudomonas
aeruginosa: Clinical impact and complex regulation of chromosomally
encoded resistance mechanisms. Vol. 22, Clinical Microbiology
Reviews . 2009. p. 582–610.
11. Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, Roland PS, Simon GR, Kumar KA,
et al. Clinical Practice Guideline. Otolaryngol Neck Surg . 2014
Feb;150(suppl 1):S1–24.
12. Golder J. Oral steroids in the treatment of otitis externa.Aust Fam Physician . 1999 Aug;28(8):775.
13. Knox C, Law V, Jewison T, Liu P, Ly S, Frolkis A, et al. DrugBank
3.0: a comprehensive resource for “Omics” research on drugs. Nucleic
Acids Res. 2011 Jan];39(Database):D1035–41.
14. Pérez Obón J, Rivares Esteban J, Leache Pueyo J, Fernández Liesa R,
Marín García J, Sevil Navarro J, et al. [An outpatient study in ENT
(otorhinolaryngology) emergencies at a general hospital]. Acta
Otorrinolaringol Esp . 1995;46(4):298–304.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated burden of
acute otitis externa—United States, 2003-2007. MMWR Morb Mortal
Wkly Rep . 2011;60:605-609
16. van Asperen IA, de Rover CM, Schijven JF, Oetomo SB, Schellekens JF,
van Leeuwen NJ, et al. Risk of otitis externa after swimming in
recreational fresh water lakes containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa.BMJ . 1995 Nov 25 ;311(7017):1407–10.
17. Fishpool SJC, Stanton E, Chawishly EK, Hicklin LAC. Audit of
frequent attendees to an ENT emergency clinic. J Laryngol Otol .
2009;123(11):1242–5.
18. Raza SA, Denholm SW, Wong JCH. An audit of the management of acute
otitis externa in an ENT casualty clinic. J Laryngol Otol . 1995
Feb;109(2):130–3.
19. Kang S, Lucky AW, Pariser D, Lawrence I, Hanifin JM. Long-term
safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic
dermatitis in children. J Am Acad Dermatol . 2001;44(1 Suppl).
20. Caffier PP, Harth W, Mayelzadeh B, Haupt H, Scherer H, Sedlmaier B.
Topical immunomodulation : A milestone for the treatment of
therapy-resistant noninfectious chronic external otitis? HNO .
2008;56(5):530–7.
21. Montoro V, Asensio C, Martínez Á, Lorente J, Rodríguez FJ, Montojo
J, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluocinolone acetonide 0.025% otic
solution in patients with otic eczema: a randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Int Med Res . 2018 Oct
1;46(10):4050–60.
22. Lingwood D, Simons K. Lipid Rafts As a Membrane-Organizing
Principle. Science (80-). 2010 Jan;327(5961):46–50.
23. Kariuki BM, Psallidas K, Harris KDM, Johnston RL, Lancaster RW,
Staniforth SE, et al. Structure determination of a steroid directly from
powder diffraction data†. Chem Commun . 1999;(17):1677–8.
24. Crim C, Pierre LN, Daley-Yates PT. A review of the pharmacology and
pharmacokinetics of inhaled fluticasone propionate and mometasone
furoate. Clin Ther. 2001 Sep ;23(9):1339–54.
Tables and Charts
Chart I: Treatment modalities used before the Flixonase