The ΔΔCt calculation method returns gene expression relative to control coral at time 0 without reflecting RNA levels at other timepoints. We used a generalized linear mixed model to examine normalized expression of each gene separately, using conditioning treatment and time as main effects and colony as a random effect. We estimated least-squares means and compared between treatments for each timepoint using bonferroni adjusted p-values. We did not adjust p-values for multiple genes because all assays were determined a priori.