Metabolic analysis
HFD-mice were fed either vehicle or HSG4112 (0.5% feed mixture) for 4 weeks before the metabolic rate analysis and additional 2 weeks for confirmation of full weight reduction in 6-week timeframe; weight-loss effect equivalent to 100 mg·kg-1·day-1 administration was observed (Supplementary Figure 2 ). Starting from the evening of the day before the metabolic analysis, no feed and only water was provided. The mice were placed inside Oxymax/CLAMS (Columbus Inc., USA) for 24 hours before the experiment for environmental adaptation and maintenance of a comfortable state, and for additional 49 hours for the experiment. The O2 and CO2 generated by the mice’s breathing was measured along with the O2 and CO2 of the air flowing in from the room and into the device. All parameters – VO2, VCO2, respiratory exchange ratio, energy expenditure, and locomotor activity – were calculated using built-in software and previously reported method (Nie, Gavin and Kuang, 2015).