Antibodies and reagents
Antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology ( ATG5 12994S, ATG7 8558S, Akt 4685, p-Akt 4060, mTOR 2972, p-mTOR 2971, p70S6K 9202, p-p70S6K 9208, 4E-BP1 9452, p-4E-BP1 9451), Abcam (PARP ab74290, cleaved-PARP ab32064, Ki67 ab66155, Santa Cruz Biotechnology (β-actin sc-1616, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody sc-2004, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibody sc-2005), Thermo Fisher Scientific (goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488, goat anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488, goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 594, goat anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 594) and Novus (LC3 NB100-2220). DAPI (62248) and Lipofectamine 3000 (L3000015) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Unless otherwise indicated, all commercial chemicals were purchased from Med-Chem Express (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA).