Figure 1 Phylogenetic meta-analysis. The blue arrow shows the basic principle of phylogenetic meta-analysis in which effect sizes are not independent owning to their shared evolutionary history/common origin/common ancestor. The dashed box indicates how this non-independence is generally modeled in a meta-analysis approach. The solid box shows how it is specifically modeled in Sánchez-Tójar et al. (2020). The open arrows provide alternative modelling approaches for phylogenetic non-independence.
(b)