Assessment of Maternal Outcomes.
Acute painful episode was defined as acute pain episodes leading to hospitalization that required oral or intravenous opioid pain management, distinguished from labour pains by absence of uterine contraction, labour progression, and delivery. Based on the adjudication of the multi-disciplinary team (obstetricians, hematologists, anesthetists, pediatricians, and nurses), ACS was defined as the presence of at least 2 of the following criteria: fever >38° Celsius, increased respiratory rate > 20 breaths per minute, presence of chest pain or pulmonary auscultatory findings, increased oxygen requirement (evidenced by a decrease in SpO2 > 3% below the baseline) or new radiodensity on chest roentgenogram or pneumonia. Preeclampsia was defined as 1) systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg on two separate readings taken at least four hours apart after 20 week gestation in a study participant with previously normal blood pressure; and 2) Proteinuria as ≥ 300 mg of protein in a 24-hour urine sample or a spot urinary protein to creatinine ratio ≥ 0.3 or a urine dipstick reading of 1+ or greater 14. Malaria infection was defined using the World Health Organization definition of examining stained thick smears under the light microscope15.