Data Collection
A structured questionnaire was used by a trained research nurse to collect participant data. Data collected included demographics, gestational ages at enrolment and delivery, duration of follow‐up during the pregnancy and postpartum periods, antenatal complications, postpartum complications, mode of delivery, and neonatal information. Laboratory evaluations included complete blood count, blood screening for malaria and spirometry. Study data were managed using REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) electronic data capture tools hosted at the Data Coordinating Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. REDCap is a secure, web-based application designed to support data capture for research studies, providing (a) an intuitive interface for validated data entry; (b) audit trails for tracking data manipulation and export procedures; (c) automated export procedures for seamless data downloads to common statistical packages; and (d) procedures for importing data from external sources.