2.1. Materials
AccuTarget™ GAPDH positive control siRNA was provided from Bioneer Co. (Daejeon, South Korea), and Cy3-labeled siRNA was synthesized from GenePharma Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China) in duplex form and purified by HPLC. All single and fusion peptides were synthesized by GL Biochem Ltd. (Shanghai, China) with more than 95% purity. Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) was procured from Life Technologies (CA, USA). Agarose and 10,000X TopRed Nucleic Acid Gel Stain were purchased from GenomicBase (Seoul, South Korea). Tris (Glentham Life Sciences Ltd., Corsham, UK), acetic acid (glacial) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and EDTA (GenomicBase, Seoul, South Korea) were used for 1X TAE buffer. Heparin sodium salt (from porcine intestinal mucosa) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). 6X DNA loading dye was procured from Biofact Co., Ltd (Daejeon, South Korea). For cell culture, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM; Corning, MA, USA), fetal bovine serum (FBS; PAN Biotech, Bavaria, Germany) and penicillin-streptomycin (Life Technologies, CA, USA) were used. Opti-MEM™ and 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (1X) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (MA, USA). Lipofectamine™ 2000 reagent was purchased from Invitrogen (CA, USA). Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen, CA, USA), Flamma® 496 Phalloidin (BioActs, Incheon, South Korea) and SiR-actin kit (Cytoskeleton, Inc., CO, USA) were used for fluorescent labeling. 10% formalin solution (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA), Triton X-100 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., CA, USA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA; Generay Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) were used for fluorescence imaging. Nuclease-free water was purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (IA, USA). Tri-RNA reagent (Favorgen biotech co., Kaohsiung, Taiwan), chloroform (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA), isopropanol (Molecular biology grade; Fisher Scientific, NH, USA), and absolute ethanol (Molecular biology grade; Fisher Scientific) were used for RNA extraction. ReverTra Ace® qPCR RT Master Mix with gDNA Remover kit and THUNDERBIRD® SYBR® qPCR Mix (TOYOBO Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was procured for cDNA synthesis and quantitative real-time PCR. CytoTox 96® Non-radioactive cytotoxicity assay kit was obtained from Promega (WI, USA). Chlorpromazine hydrochloride, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, cytochalasin D (from Zygosporium mansonii ), and filipin III (fromStreptomyces filipinensis ) endocytosis inhibitors were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) for the mechanism study. All cell culture flasks and plates were purchased from NEST Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Wuxi, China).