Lifestyle-shift experiments
To evaluate the effects of lifestyle shifts, the fecal samples of giant pandas only bamboo fed were collected during two months before wild-training II and reintroduction, and finally one year after reintroduction to the wild. Fecal samples from wild-training II and reintroduced individuals were collected from their corresponding giant pandas with GPS collar tracking. Feces were also collected from wild giant pandas as controls. A total of 61 fecal samples were recovered from the experimental individuals for sequence analysis. Following quality control, 49 fecal samples were successfully subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and 35 samples to fungal ITS sequencing. The lifestyle-shifts comprised three stages including the wild-training I (16S rRNA sequencing n=17; ITS sequencing n=12), wild-training II (16S rRNA sequencing n=16; ITS sequencing n=13), and reintroduced (16S rRNA sequencing n=16; ITS sequencing n=10) individuals. An additional 15 and 12 fecal samples were collected from wild giant pandas for 16S rRNA gene and ITS high-throughput sequencing, respectively. According to the learning status of wild-training II giant panda, G1 and G2 were chosen for reintroduction. Detailed information for samples is provided in Supplementary Table S3.