Morphology
Black wheatears showed significant sexual dimorphism in the studied measurements (MANOVA: Pillai’s trace = 0.502, F1,91 = 10.594, p < 0.001). The univariate tests showed that females had on average a shorter wing (4%), 3rd primary (5%) and tail (2%), as well as a thinner bill (2%), while the other measurements (tarsus, body mass, bill length and width) were similar between sexes (Table 1).