References
1 Saglani, S., Fleming, L., Sonnappa, S. & Bush, A. Advances in the aetiology, management, and prevention of acute asthma attacks in children. Lancet Child Adolesc Health , doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30025-2 (2019).
2 Masoli, M., Fabian, D., Holt, S., Beasley, R. & Global Initiative for Asthma, P. The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report.Allergy 59 , 469-478, doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00526.x (2004).
3 Robinson, D. S. The role of the T cell in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126 , 1081-1091; quiz 1092-1083, doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.025 (2010).
4 Neurath, M. F., Finotto, S. & Glimcher, L. H. The role of Th1/Th2 polarization in mucosal immunity.Nat Med 8 , 567-573, doi:10.1038/nm0602-567 (2002).
5 Huffnagle, G. B., Dickson, R. P. & Lukacs, N. W. The respiratory tract microbiome and lung inflammation: a two-way street. Mucosal Immunol 10 , 299-306, doi:10.1038/mi.2016.108 (2017).
6 Haag, P. et al. Soluble ST2 regulation by rhinovirus and 25(OH)-vitamin D3 in the blood of asthmatic children. Clin Exp Immunol 193 , 207-220, doi:10.1111/cei.13135 (2018).
7 Gordon, B. R. Should vitamin D supplementation be a regular part of asthma care? Otolaryngol Clin North Am 47 , 97-108, doi:10.1016/j.otc.2013.08.013 (2014).
8 Van Overtvelt, L. et al.IL-10-inducing adjuvants enhance sublingual immunotherapy efficacy in a murine asthma model. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 145 , 152-162, doi:10.1159/000108140 (2008).
9 Wagner, C. L., Hulsey, T. C., Fanning, D., Ebeling, M. & Hollis, B. W. High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in a cohort of breastfeeding mothers and their infants: a 6-month follow-up pilot study. Breastfeeding Medicine1 , 59-70 (2006).
10 Sigurs, N. et al. Severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy and asthma and allergy at age 13. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 171 , 137-141 (2005).
11 Stehle, C., Saikali, P. & Romagnani, C. Putting the brakes on ILC2 cells. Nat Immunol17 , 43-44, doi:10.1038/ni.3353 (2016).
12 van Rijt, L., von Richthofen, H. & van Ree, R. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells: at the cross-roads in allergic asthma. Semin Immunopathol , doi:10.1007/s00281-016-0556-2 (2016).
13 Neill, D. R. et al.Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity. Nature 464 , 1367-1370, doi:10.1038/nature08900 (2010).
14 Kouzaki, H., Tojima, I., Kita, H. & Shimizu, T. Transcription of interleukin-25 and extracellular release of the protein is regulated by allergen proteases in airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 49 , 741-750, doi:10.1165/rcmb.2012-0304OC (2013).
15 Jackson, D. J. et al.IL-33-dependent type 2 inflammation during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations in vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190 , 1373-1382, doi:10.1164/rccm.201406-1039OC (2014).
16 Akbari, O. et al.Antigen-specific regulatory T cells develop via the ICOS–ICOS-ligand pathway and inhibit allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity.Nature medicine 8 , 1024-1032 (2002).
17 Doganci, A. et al. IL-2 receptor beta-chain signaling controls immunosuppressive CD4+ T cells in the draining lymph nodes and lung during allergic airway inflammation in vivo. J Immunol 181 , 1917-1926 (2008).
18 Bergauer, A. et al.IFN-α/IFN-λ responses to respiratory viruses in paediatric asthma.European Respiratory Journal , ERJ-00969-02016 (2016).
19 Hentschke, I. et al.IL-33/ST2 immune responses to respiratory bacteria in pediatric asthma.Sci Rep 7 , 43426, doi:10.1038/srep43426 (2017).
20 Bielor, C. et al. Role of TGF-beta in anti-rhinovirus immune responses in asthmatic patients.J Allergy Clin Immunol 140 , 283-286 e210, doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.049 (2017).
21 Pepys, M. B. & Hirschfield, G. M. C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Invest111 , 1805-1812, doi:10.1172/JCI18921 (2003).
22 Cheung, A. K. L. et al.Gut-homing Delta42PD1(+)Vdelta2 T cells promote innate mucosal damage via TLR4 during acute HIV type 1 infection. Nat Microbiol2 , 1389-1402, doi:10.1038/s41564-017-0006-5 (2017).
23 van der Vlist, M., Kuball, J., Radstake, T. R. & Meyaard, L. Immune checkpoints and rheumatic diseases: what can cancer immunotherapy teach us? Nat Rev Rheumatol 12 , 593-604, doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2016.131 (2016).
24 Maazi, H. et al. Activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate type 2 innate lymphoid cell-mediated airway hyperreactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol141 , 893-905 e896, doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.043 (2018).
25 De Grove, K. C. et al.Dysregulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and TH2 cells impairs pollutant-induced allergic airway responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 139 , 246-257 e244, doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.044 (2017).
26 Velu, V. et al. Enhancing SIV-specific immunity in vivo by PD-1 blockade. Nature458 , 206-210, doi:10.1038/nature07662 (2009).
27 Wu, Y., Potempa, L. A., El Kebir, D. & Filep, J. G. C-reactive protein and inflammation: conformational changes affect function. Biological chemistry 396 , 1181-1197, doi:10.1515/hsz-2015-0149 (2015).
28 Ziegler, S. F. FOXP3: of mice and men. Annual review of immunology 24 , 209-226, doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090547 (2006).
29 Fantini, M. C., Dominitzki, S., Rizzo, A., Neurath, M. F. & Becker, C. In vitro generation of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory cells from murine naive T cells. Nature protocols 2 , 1789-1794, doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.258 (2007).
30 Koch, S. et al. Targeted deletion of NFAT-Interacting-Protein-(NIP) 45 resolves experimental asthma by inhibiting Innate Lymphoid Cells group 2 (ILC2). Sci Rep 9 , 15695, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51690-z (2019).
Ethical Statement: All human and murine studies performed in this study received ethical approval from local institutions.