FIGURE LEGENDS
Figure 1. Global radiation (up) and photoperiod (down) occurred
during the cultivated cardoon growing season (October-April) at the
Catania experimental station. 1: from 1st to
10th; 2: from 11th to
20th; 3: from 21st to
28th, 30th or
31st.
Figure 2. Quantification of total sesquiterpene lactone,
cynaropycrin and cynaratriol content from cultivated cardoon ’Bianco
gigante’ leaf extracts in two different harvest times as affected by
light stress. Control: 0% of shading; Light stress: 60% of shading. H
Jan: harvest time at January 9th; H Apr: harvest time
at April 14th. Different letters indicate statistical
significance for P ≤0.05.
Figure 3. Quantification
of minor sesquiterpene lactones (aguerin B, grosheimin,
11,13-dihydroxi-8-deoxygrosheimin, deacylcynaropicrin and
11,13-dihydro-deacylcynaropicrin) content from cultivated cardoon
’Bianco gigante’ leaf extracts in two different harvest times as
affected by light stress. Control: 0% of shading; Light stress: 60% of
shading. H Jan: harvest time at January 9th; H Apr:
harvest time at April 14th. Different letters indicate
statistical significance for P ≤0.05.
Figure 4. Effect of light stress, in two different harvest
times, on the phytotoxicity of cultivated cardoon ’Bianco gigante’ leaf
extracts expressed as inhibition of wheat coleoptile elongation.
Control: 0% of shading; Light stress: 60% of shading. H Jan: harvest
time at January 9th; H Apr: harvest time at April
14th. Values are expressed as percentage difference
from control. Each bar means ± standard deviation.
Figure 5. Effect of extract concentration on the phytotoxicity
of cultivated cardoon ’Bianco gigante’ leaf extracts expressed as
inhibition of Amaranthus retroflexus and Portulaca
oleracea seed germination, root and shoot length. H Jan: harvest time
at January 9th; H Apr: harvest time at April
14th. Different letters indicate statistical
significance for P ≤0.05. Each bar means ± standard deviation.