Variable
Group 1 n=237 Group 2 n=77
#p value
Group 3 n=440
*p value
Agpar 1 min ^ 8.7±0.9 8.8±0.6 0.90 8.7±0.7 0.9
Agpar 5 min ^ 9.4±1.1 9.3±0.7 0.20 9.3±0.5 0.1
Birthweight (grams)^ 3517.9±566.6 3563.2 ± 388.8 0.70 3662.21± 604 <0.01
Mortality 1/235 (0.4%) 0/77 0.50 2/440 (0.5%) 0.8
NICU 88/234 (37.6%) 24/77 (31.2%) 0.30 140/435 (32.2%) 0.3
Shoulder dystocia 1/232 (0.4%) 0/77 0.50 6/435 (1.4%) 0.3
Malformations 5/233 (2.1%) 2/76 (2.6%) 0.80 14/436 (3.2%) 0.7
Hypoglycaemia 12/235 (5.1%) 1/77 (1.3%) 0.10 21/440 (4.8%) 0.3
Respiratory distress 16/235 (6.8%) 4/77 (5.2%) 0.60 22/440 (5%) 0.6
Macrosomia 43/233 (18.5%) 12/77 (15.6%) 0.50 116/436 (26.6%) 0.01
LGA 40/231 (17.3%) 6/76 (7.9%) 0.04 101/430 (23.5%) <0.01
SGA 8/231 (3.5%) 1/76 (1.3%) 0.30 11/430 (2.6%) 0.5
Prematurity 29/235 (12.3%) 6/77 (7.8%) 0.20 44/440 (10%) 0.4
Insulin treated n=146 n=48 n=281
Agpar 1 min ^ 8.7±0.9 8.7 ±0.7 0.90 8.7±0.7 0.9
Agpar 5 min ^ 9.4±1.3 9.3 ± 0.8 0.50 9.4±0.5 0.1
Birth weight (grams) ^ 3580.5±531.5 3586± 443 0.90 3722.3±593.3 0.03
NICU 72/143 (50.3%) 19/48 (39.6%) 0.10 2/281 (0.7%) 0.8
Mortality 1/144 (0.7%) 0/48 0.50 106/276 (38.4%) 0.05
Shoulder dystocia 1/141 (0.7%) 0/48 0.50 3/276 (1.1%) 0.7
Malformations 4/142 (2.8%) 2/47 (4.3%) 0.60 10/277 (3.6%) 0.8
Hypoglycaemia 9/144 (6.3%) 1/48 (2.1%) 0.20 12/281 (4.3%) 0.4
Respiratory distress 10/144 (6.9%) 3/48 (6.3%) 0.80 14/281 (5%) 0.7
Macrosomia 31/142 (21.8%) 9/48 (18.8%) 0.60 86/278 (30.9%) 0.05
LGA 28/140 (20%) 5/47 (10.6%) 0.10 72/272 (26.5%) 0.03
SGA 5/140 (3.6%) 1/47 (2.1%) 0.60 5/272 (1.8%) 0.5
Prematurity 16/144 (11.1%) 6/48 (12.5%) 0.70 27/281 (9.6%) 0.7
Diet treated n=91 n=29 n=159
Agpar 1 min ^ 8.7±1 8.9±0.4 0.80 8.7±0.8 0.9
Agpar 5 min ^ 9.4±0.7 9.3±0.5 0.10 9.3±0.6 0.2
Birth weight (grams) ^ 3420.2±607.8 3525.7±280.6 0.50 3556.3± 610 0.1
NICU 16/91 (17.6%) 5/29 (17.2%) 0.90 0/159 N/a
Mortality 0/91 0/29 N/a 34/159 (21.4%) 0.7
Shoulder dystocia 0/91 0/29 N/a 3/159 (1.9%) 0.3
Malformations 1/91 (1.1%) 0/29 0.50 4/159 (2.5%) 0.5
Hypoglycaemia 3/91 (3.3%) 0/29 0.30 9/159 (5.7%) 0.3
Respiratory distress 6/91 (6.6) 1/29 (3.4%) 0.50 8/159 (5%) 0.7
Macrosomia 12/91 (13.2%) 3/29 (10.3%) 0.60 30/158 (19%) 0.3
LGA 12/91 (13.2%) 1/29 (3.4%) 0.10 29/158 (18.4%) 0.09
SGA 3/91 (3.3%) 0/29 0.30 6/158 (3.8%) 0.5
Prematurity 13/91 (14.3%) 0/29 0.03 17/159 (10.7%) 0.09