Methods
Women were stratified into 3 distinct groups according to their weight gain status: lost weight or gained less than 5 kg (Group 1, n=237 (31.4%)), gained 5-9kg (Group 2, n=77 (10.2%)) or gained >9kg (Group 3 n=440 (58.4%)). The groups were further subdivided according to treatment modality: diet alone (GDM-D) or diet and insulin (GDM-I).