Figure captions:
Fig. 1 : Geographical location of the three sampling regions of
Yunnan province, Southwest China.
Fig. 2 : Insect species (dark grey) and plant species (light
grey) turnover (1–Horn similarity) between FIT sampling plots (25 × 20
sq. m) at different distances in three regions of Yunnan province, SW
China. Fig. 2-I : The 1–Horn similarity value was calculated as
turnover within (1) plots within transects (β1: 40-100 m
scale), (2) plots between two neighboring transects within a region
(β2: 200-300 m scale), (3) plots between two transects
covering the highest elevation gradient within a region
(β3: 1-3 km scale), (4) plots between two neighboring
regions (δ1: 250-300 km scale), and (5) plots between
two regions covering the highest spatial distance (δ2:
> 500 km scale). Fig. 2-II : Insect species and
plant species β-diversity (1-Horn similarity) distribution at different
sampling regions in the Yunnan province, which included Bubeng (tropical
region), Ailaoshan (subtropical region), and Lijiang (temperate region).Fig. 2-III: Insect species and plant species β-diversity
(1-Horn similarity) distribution at different transects of the study
area in the Yunnan province.
White dots represent medians, thick black bars represent first
quartiles, and thin black lines represent the range. The shape of each
plot shows the frequency distribution of the data. Letters indicate
significant differences between separation distances within a group
(insects or plants). Nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis ANOVAs were conducted
to test for differences in Horn similarity values between insects and
plants at various spatial scales and different region. *, **, and ***
indicate significant differences in Horn similarity between insects and
plants at each spatial scale and region.
Fig. 3 : Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations
for beetle assemblages in different sampling plots. The red points are
sampling plots, different numbers in the square represent different
transects (1: Bubeng 600 m; 2: Bubeng 800 m; 3: Bubeng 1000 m; 4:
Ailaoshan 2200 m; 5: Ailaoshan 2400 m; 6: Ailaoshan 2600 m; 7: Lijiang
3200 m; 8: Lijiang 3400 m; 9:
Lijiang 3600 m). ELE: elevation; MTCM: minimum temperature of the
coldest month; MTWM: maximum temperature of the warmest month; AMT:
annual mean temperature; AMH: annual mean humidity; AHR: annual humidity
range; ATR: annual temperature range. The colored ellipses are 95%
confidence intervals of species centroids for each treatment level
[‘ordiellipses’ (Oksanen et al. , 2013)]. Variables with a
Pearson’s correlation coefficient at P < 0.05 are
shown. Two convergent solutions were found after 20 iterations with a
stress value of 0.0452 for longhorn beetles using the Bray-Curtis
distance calculation method.
Fig. 4 : Variation partitioning results of redundancy analyses
testing for the influence of plant species composition and phylogenetic
turnover on wood boring longhorn beetle composition in the Yunnan
province, SW China. Fig. 4-I represents the plant phylogenetic
β-diversity combined with environmental factors and spatial distance to
explain beetle composition. Fig. 4-II represents the plant
species β-diversity combined with environmental factors and spatial
distance to explain beetle composition. The pure effect of each
counterpart is represented by areas with the letters (A; B; C; a; b; c).
The overlapping areas represent the joint effect of the corresponding
factors (D; E; F; G; d; e; f; g).