In certain jobs, alertness is critical for employees to perform their job safely (Roman & Blum, 2002). Random drug and alcohol testing in the workplace has been shown to provide significant cost savings due to reduce injuries and fatalities in the workplace (Miller, Zaloshnja, & Spicer, 2007; Pidd & Roche, 2014). In the United States, the Department of Transportation (DOT) has specific rules and procedures for conducting workplace drug and alcohol testing for the federally regulated transportation industry (United States Department of Transportation, 2012). For non-DOT regulated industries, however, the regulations vary by jurisdiction as to the type of testing that is allowed in the workplace. Ethical and legal considerations need to be taken into account before implementing such testing (Hanson, 1993).