Patients
This prospective study included 15 consecutive patients scheduled to undergo an initial ablation of paroxysmal AF at Kansai Rosai Hospital from October 2019 to March 2020. Exclusion criteria were age < 20 years and prior cardiac surgery.
This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent for the ablation and participation in the study was obtained from all patients, and the protocol was approved by our institutional review board.