Author Year (Reference) n. of Patients Study design n. of studies
PICO
Exposure to PPI
Length of follow up (maximum)
Shiraev 201817
22,427
Systemic review of 3 cohort (prospective and retrospective)
P: elderly > 65 years 90% of patients were on ASA I: PPIs users C: non-PPIs users O: all-cause mortality and CV events Less than 1 year
1 year
Xie 201918
214,467
A longitudinal observational cohort study PPIs (n=157,625) H2RAs (n=56,842) P: elderly > 65 years, men, white I: PPIs user C: H2Ras users O: all-cause mortality, CV and kidney diseases specific mortality 4.6 years (median)
10 years
Moayyedi 2019 19
17, 598
RCT Harm outcomes were secondary outcomes P: elderly > 65 years, stable CV disease I: PPIs users C: placebo O: all-cause mortality Less than 3 years
3 years