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\begin{document}

\title{Potential Drug Candidates Underway Several Registered Clinical Trials
for Battling COVID-19}



\author[1]{Fahmida MIna}%
\author[1]{Md. Rahman}%
\author[1]{Sabuj Das}%
\author[1]{Sumon Karmakar}%
\author[1]{Mutasim Billah}%
\affil[1]{University of Rajshahi}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 08, 2024}


\begingroup
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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The emergence of new type of viral pneumonia cases in China, on December
31, 2019; identified as the cause of human coronavirus, labeled as
``COVID-19,'' took a heavy toll of death and reported cases of infected
people all over the world, with the potential to spread widely and
rapidly, achieved worldwide prominence but arose without the procurement
guidance. There is an immediate need for active intervention and fast
drug discovery against the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Herein, the study
provides numerous candidates of drugs (either alone or integrated with
another drugs) which could prove to be effective against 2019-nCoV, are
under different stages of clinical trials. This review will offer rapid
identification of a number of repurposable drugs and potential drug
combinations targeting 2019-nCoV and preferentially allow the
international research community to evaluate the findings, to validate
the efficacy of the proposed drugs in prospective trials and to lead
potential clinical practices.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Introduction}

A new type of viral pneumonia cases occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province in
China, on December 31, 2019; named ''COVID-19'' on January 12, 2020 by
the World Health Organization (WHO) {[}1{]}. Approximately, 115,224
people died as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, 1,865,979 cases had
been confirmed in 210 countries and territories till April 13, 2020. The
fatality rate of COVID-19 remains under assessment {[}2{]}. However,
infections of human coronavirus had resulted in lethal endemics, which
include endemic SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS
(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) {[}3{]}. CoV infection begins with
the interaction of the receptor binding domain located in the spike
protein (S protein) and target receptor on the host cell surface, such
as, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) for SARS-CoV and Dipeptidyl
Peptidase-4 (DPP4) for MERS-CoV {[}4{]}. Compared to SARS-CoV, the novel
coronavirus (2019-nCoV) uses ACE2 as its host-entry receptor. Binding
between the receptor-binding domain in S protein and the cellular
receptor, mediates membrane fusion and starts the COVID-19 life cycle
{[}5{]}. S protein on the viral membrane plays a critical role in virus
entry and is the key antigenic factor responsible for inducing the
immune response of the host {[}6{]}. For 2019-nCoV, in addition to
knowing the COVID-19 Spike protein (S protein) sequences (GenBank:
MN908947.3), there are no studies on how immunogenic this specific
protein can go beyond surrogate comparisons to SARS and MERS, which
restrict the possible capacity to generate a vaccine quickly
{[}7{]}.Since it is a respiratory syndrome that has never been seen
before and with the potential to spread extensively and rapidly, it
gained the attention of the world but without the manual of treatment
and management {[}8{]}.Several national and international research
groups are working on vaccine production and drug repurposing to prevent
and treat the 2019-nCoV, but successful vaccines and drugs are still not
available. Active prevention and drug discoveries approaches for the
2019-nCoV outbreak are urgently needed {[}9{]} {[}10{]}. This review
will offer an accumulate information to the scientific research
community about numerous potential candidates of repurposable drugs that
can provide a synergistic effect in potentially treating
2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2.

\textbf{Drug candidates and their progression against 2019-nCoV}

As 2019-nCoV has labelled ongoing pandemic, causing a heavy toll of
death due to its rapid transmission, the discovery of drugs against
2019-nCoV is therefore a very urgent priority. However, there are no
successful drugs currently targeted for 2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2. Drug
repurposing, representing from existing drugs as an active drug
development approach, could cut the time and reduce the cost compared to
de novo drug discovery. Following is the accumulated information of
potential candidates of drugs screened against 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2.

\textbf{Remdesivir}

Remdesivir (GS-5734) is an adenine derivative phosphoramidate prodrug
with a chemical structure similar to that of tenofovir alafenamide, an
approved inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase. Remdesivir has broad-
effects in cell cultures and animal models against RNA viruses, such as
- MERS and SARS, and has been checked for Ebola in a clinical trial. A
recent research confirmed that Remdesivir inhibited 2019-nCoV, when
tested in concentrations of EC50 = 0.77 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M in Vero E6 cells {[}10{]} One
US patient with 2019-nCoV was reported to get recovered after receiving
intravenous remdesivir in January 6, as trials in patients with
2019-nCoV (NCT04252664 and NCT04257656) were initiated in early February
to evaluate intravenous Remdesivir (200 mg on day 1 and 100 mg once
daily for 9 days), with estimated completion dates in April 2020
{[}11{]}. Notably, Remdesivir (EC50 = 0.77 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M; CC50 \textgreater{} 100
\selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M; SI \textgreater{} 129.87) at low-micromolar concentration,
effectively blocked virus infection and showed high SI {[}12{]}.
Preliminary data suggested that Remdesivir also effectively blocked
virus infection in a human cell line (Huh-7 cells of human liver
cancer), which is immune to 2019-nCoV and currently, it is in the Phase
III of clinical trial established by China.

\textbf{Favipiravir}

Favipiravir (T-705), a guanine analogue,effectively inhibits the
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of RNA viruses such as influenza, Ebola,
yellow fever, chikungunya, norovirus and enterovirus, adding a recent
study, reported its activity against 2019-nCoV {[}10{]}. Patients with
2019-nCoV are being recruited in randomized trials to evaluate the
efficacy of favipiravir plus interferon-\selectlanguage{greek}α \selectlanguage{english}(ChiCTR2000029600) and
favipiravir plus baloxavirmarboxil (an approved influenza inhibitor
targeting the cap-dependent endonuclease) (ChiCTR2000029544) {[}13{]}.
Although, EC50 value of Favipiravir in Vero E6 cells was as high as 67
\selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M. It was reported to reduce viral infection of 2019-nCoV in (EC50 =
61.88 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M, CC50 \textgreater{} 400 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M, SI \textgreater{} 6.46)
concentrations {[}14{]} suggesting further in vivo studies to be
screened against 2019-nCoV to test the efficacy of this antiviral
nucleoside.

\textbf{Ribavirin}

Ribavirin is a guanine derivative approved for treating Human
coronavirus (HCV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), evaluated in
patients with SARS and MERS, but it has side effects, such as anaemia
might prove severe at high doses {[}12{]} and whether it could offer
sufficient potency against 2019-nCoV is uncertain {[}15{]}. Ribavirin,
in high concentrations such as (Half- Effective Concentration (EC50) =
109.50 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M, Half- Concentration (CC50) \textgreater{} 400 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M, Selectivity
Index (SI) \textgreater{} 3.65) was needed to minimize viral infection
{[}10{]} and, according to preliminary results, may prove to be
resistance to COVID-19.

\textbf{Pyrazofurin}

Pyrazofurin (Pyrazomycin) is a natural product present in Streptomyces
candidus, a Ribavirin derived nucleoside analog. It has antibiotic,
antiviral, and anti-cancer properties but due to extreme side effects,
it was not effective in human clinical trials. Nevertheless, it
continues to be the focus of ongoing research as a possible 2019-nCoV
drug, or as a blueprint for improved synthetic derivatives {[}16-22{]}.

\textbf{Chloroquine}

Chloroquine, a commonly used anti-malarial and autoimmune disease
medication, has recently been identified as a potential wide-spectrum
antiviral drug {[}23-24{]}. Chloroquine is known to block infection with
the virus by growing the endosomal pH needed for virus / cell fusion, as
well as interfering with the glycosylation of SARS-CoV cell receptors
{[}25{]}. In addition to its antiviral activity, chloroquine has an
immune-modulating activity which can synergistically increase its in
vivo antiviral impact. Following the discovery in China of in vitro
chloroquine activity against SARS-CoV-2, 50\% and 90\% effective
concentrations of Vero E6 cells (EC50=1,13 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M and EC90=6,90 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M) were
discovered during culture tests{[}12{]}. Chloroquine, an authorized
immune modulator, shows inhibitory activity against 2019-nCoV (EC50 =
1.13\selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M in Vero E6 cells) {[}26{]} and is tested in an open-label trial
(ChiCTR2000029609) {[}27{]}.

\textbf{Hydroxychloroquine}

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) sulfate, a derivative of Chloroquine (CQ), was
first synthesized in 1946 by inserting a hydroxyl group into CQ and was
shown to be much less (\textasciitilde{}40\%) toxic than CQ in animals
{[}13{]}. More significantly, HCQ is now commonly available for the
treatment of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus
and rheumatoid arthritis. Since CQ and HCQ share similar chemical
structures and mechanisms to serve as a weak base and immune-modulator,
the idea that HCQ may be a potent candidate for treating SARS-CoV-2
infection is simple to conjure up {[}28{]}. As of 23 February 2020,
seven registries of clinical trials have been listed in the Chinese
Clinical Trial Registry (http:/www.chictr.org.cn) to use HCQ for
COVID-19 diagnosis. The experimental evidence still lacks whether HCQ is
as effective as CQ in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection {[}29{]}.
Hydroxychloroquine on viruses is generally the same as chloroquine
because the action mechanism of these two molecules is similar, so
researchers are more inclined to administer hydroxychloroquine for long
periods, which will therefore be the first option in the treatment of
SARS-CoV-2.

\textbf{Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 1 (ACE1)}

Angiotensin Conversion Enzyme 1 inhibitors (ACE-1 inhibitors), such as
enalapril and ramipril, and angiotensin receptor antagonists
(colloquially known as angiotensin blockers or ARBs), such as
candesartan and valsartan, could be of use in the prevention and
treatment of the symptoms of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2(also known as
2019-nCoV), the cause of the infection known as COVID 19 {[}30{]}. At
the moment (as of 21 March 2020) three related trials are listed on the
ICTRP website of the WHO, the International Clinical Trials Registry
Portal, as being planned or under way in China. The first, entitled
''Clinical characteristics difference between patients with and without
ACE1 treatment with 2019-nCoV infection in China'' was published on 12
February and is stated to be recruiting; it is also listed on
clinicaltrials.gov. The other two are not recruiting: ''Recombinant
human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (rhACE2) as a treatment for
COVID-19 patients'' (registered on 21 February but identified as
withdrawn on clinicaltrials.gov) and ''Clinical research on the effects
of ACEIs / ARBs on novel coronavirus pneumonia (CoVID-19) infection''
(registered on 2 March) {[}31{]}.

\textbf{Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2)}

ACE2 is one of the key receptors for SARS-CoV invasion of the human body
{[}32{]}. Researchers found that SARS-CoV-infected or recombinant
wild-type SARS-spike protein-treated mice displayed significantly
reduced ACE2 expression in the lung. It has also been shown that the
latest outbreak of coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV-2) is
invading human alveolar epithelial cells and is therefore, could be
screened against 2019-nCoV, suggesting further studies {[}33{]}.

\textbf{Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)}

Recent analysis of case-control studies indicates that NSAIDs are
associated with higher rates of complications following respiratory
tract infections, including complicated pneumonia, pleural effusions,
chronic disease, peritonsillary abscess, spread or suppuration of
infection to more than one site {[}34{]}. NSAIDs have also been
associated with delays in prescribing effective antibiotic treatment to
patients requiring admission to hospital. The Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) has released a statement on the use of non- anti-
drugs (NSAIDS) in patients with 2019-nCoV. There are insufficient
clinical evidences to link the use of NSAIDs in worsening COVID-19
symptoms, according to the agency {[}35{]}.

\textbf{Ibuprofen}

Ibuprofen is a propionic acid-derived non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drug (NSAID), and is known to be the first propionic. Theformula of
Ibuprofen is 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid, originally discovered
in 1960, while looking for a safer alternative of aspirin. Ibuprofen was
eventually patented in 1961, and this drug was first introduced in the
UK in 1969 and in the USA in 1974 against rheumatoid arthritis. It was
the first NSAID available over the counter {[}36{]}. The ibuprofen is
given as a racemic mixture on the available drugs. The R-enantiomer,
undergoes comprehensive interconversion to the S-enantiomer in vivo
through the action of racemase alpha-methylacyl-CoA, when its
administered. It is commonly proposed; in particular, that the
S-enantiomer is capable of generating greater pharmacological activity
than the R-enantiomer {[}35{]}, and its ability against 2019-nCoV is
unclear and could be screened for further analysis.

\textbf{Umifenovir}

Umifenovir, an indole-based, hydrophobic, dual-acting active antiviral /
host-targeting agent, used for influenza and other respiratory
infections treatment and prophylaxis. The ability of Umifenovir to exert
antiviral effects across several mechanisms has led to extensive work
into its use for a number of enveloped and non-enveloped RNA and DNA
viruses, including Flavivirus, Zika virus, Foot-and-mouth disease, Lassa
virus, Ebola virus, Herpes simplex, Hepatitis B and C virus, Chikungunya
virus, Reovirus, Hantaan virus and Coxsackie virus B5 {[}38{]}.
Umifenovir is currently being investigated in conjunction with currently
available and investigational HIV therapies as a potential treatment and
prophylactic agent for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV2 infections {[}37{]}.

\textbf{Nafamostat mesylate}

Nafamostat mesylate, a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, that
contains antiviral and anti-cancer properties, used to treat acute
pancreatitis. It is a powerful MERS- inhibitor that obstructs membrane
fusion, was found inhibitive to 2019-nCoV infection when tested in EC50
= 22,50 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M, CC50 \textgreater{} 100 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M, SI\textgreater{} 4,44
concentration rate, suggested for further studies {[}10{]}. As per the
researchers at the University of Tokyo, Nafamostat will prevent the
fusion of the virus envelope with the host cell surface proteins, the
first step in infection with SARS-CoV-2 at one-tenth of the
concentration provided by Camostat mesylate (Foypan), which was recently
described by a German group as a SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor {[}39{]}.

\textbf{Nitazoxanide}

It is a commercial antiprotozoal agent with an antiviral capacity
against a wide range of viruses, including human and animal
coronaviruses, reported to be resistance to 2019-nCoV, at low micromolar
concentrations, such as - EC50 = 2.12 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M; CC50 \textgreater{} 35.53 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M;
SI \textgreater{} 16.76 {[}10{]}. Further in vivo evaluation of this
medication is suggested against 2019-nCoV infection. Authorized for
diarrhea therapy, Neitazoxanide has the potentiality to inhibit
2019-nCoV and thus, needs clinical trials to determine the antiviral
efficacy of this drug {[}12{]} {[}15{]}.

\textbf{Oseltamivir}

Oseltamivir is a neuraminidase antiviral agent used to treat and
prophylaxis influenza virus A (including pandemic H1N1) and B infection.
Oseltamivir exercises its antiviral function by inhibiting the function
of the viral neuraminidase enzyme located on the virus surface, which
inhibits host cell budding, viral replication, and infectivity {[}37{]}.
According to the CDC, data from clinical trials and observational
studies have shown that early antiviral therapy can shorten the length
of symptoms of fever and illness, and reduce the risk of other health
complications (including pneumonia and respiratory failure).Oseltamivir
is being screened against 2019-nCoV and is undergoing clinical trial
{[}40{]}.

\textbf{TMC-310911}

TMC-310911 (also known as ASC-09) is a novel investigational protease
inhibitor (PI) that has been investigated for use in HIV-1 infections
and is structurally similar to the darunavir. TMC-310911 has
demonstrated potential activity against a number of HIV-1 strains,
including multi-PI-resistant strains, and may be less likely to produce
resistance, making it a potentially suitable therapy for patients who
are both native to care and experienced with PI. The Hangzhou-based
Ascletis Pharma, applied to the Chinese authorities in January to study
Ritonavir and TMC-310911 (two HIV protease inhibitor) in clinical trials
for treatment of COVID-19. TMC-310911 as a possible therapy for COVID-19
caused by SARS-CoV-2 in conjunction with other HIV therapies and
antivirals.TMC-310911 is currently being investigated, in combination
with other HIV therapies and antivirals, as a potential treatment for
2019-nCoV {[}41{]}{[}42{]}.

\textbf{Lopinavir and Ritonavir}

In patients infected with 2019-nCoV, clinical trials (e.g.,
ChiCTR2000029539) were initiated to study HIV protease inhibitors such
as Lopinavir and Ritonavir. Lopinavir and Ritonavir were initially
suspected to inhibit SARS and MERS 3-chymotrypsin-like protease and
seemedto be correlated in a non-randomized open-label trial 2, with
improved clinical outcomes of SARS patients. It was revealed that
Lopinavir and Ritonavir were associated with significant clinical
benefit (less adverse clinical outcomes) among SARS-CoV patients
{[}43{]}. The combination of Lopinavir and Ritonavir is currently a
recommended antivirus regimen approved by the National Health Commission
of the People's Republic of China in the latest form of Diagnosis and
Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by 2019-nCoV (version 5) {[}44{]}.

\textbf{ShuFengJieDu Capsule (SFJDC)}

SFJDC is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), composed of a total of
eight medicinal herbs and proven to be clinically effective for the
treatment of upper respiratory tract infections, vastly used for
influenza diagnosis in China. This medication is also indicated in the
current version of Diagnosis and Pneumonia Treatment of 2019-nCoV
Infection Caused by COVID-19 {[}44{]} and could be possibly screened
against 2019-nCoV {[}43{]}.

\textbf{Arbidol}

Arbidol is an antiviral drug used in Russia and China to treat influenza
infections {[}45{]}. Arbidol was reported to have been successful in
vitro against 2019-nCoV at a concentration range of 10-30 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M {[}43{]}.
In China, a randomized multicenter controlled clinical trial of Arbidol
was initiated in patients with 2019-nCoV (ChiCTR2000029573) {[}46{]} and
further studies are in process.

\textbf{Interferon alfa-2a and alfa-2b}

Pegylated Interferon alfa-2a and alfa-2b, approved for the treatment of
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Human Coronavirus (HCV), may be used to
induce innate antiviral responses in patients infected with 2019-nCoV,
and studies involving interferons, such as an approved anti-HCV
combination of pegylated interferon plus Ribavirin, have been initiated
(ChiCTR2000029387). Whether a pegylated interferon and a nucleoside
compound could work synergistically against 2019-nCoV however is
unclear. Their assessment should be closely monitored and dose reduction
or discontinuation of therapy may be needed due to several adverse
effects associated with subcutaneous interferon therapies {[}37{]}.

\textbf{Galidesivir}

Galidesivir (BCX4430), an adenosine analog originally developed for
human coronavirus (HCV), is currently undergoing early-stage clinical
studies examining its protection in healthy subjects and its
effectiveness against yellow fever, and has demonstrated antiviral
activity in preclinical studies against many RNA viruses, like SARS and
MERS2, and possibilities are that facilities with sufficient
bio-containment capabilities may screen Galidesivir against 2019-nCoV
{[}13{]} {[}15{]} {[}37{]}.

\textbf{Penciclovir}

Penciclovir, a synthetic acyclic guanine derivative, containing
antiviral activity, functions as a Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) DNA
inhibitor, is one of the drugs tested against 2019-nCoV. High nucleoside
analog concentrations of Penciclovir (EC50 = 95.96 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M, CC50
\textgreater{} 400 \selectlanguage{greek}μ\selectlanguage{english}M, SI \textgreater{} 4.17) {[}10{]} were needed to
reduce the viral infection and could further be examined as a COVID-19
drug {[}14{]} {[}15{]}.

\textbf{Disulfiram}

Disulfiram, an approved medication for the treatment of alcohol
dependence, has been reported to inhibit MERS and SARS papain-like
protease in cell cultures but there is no clinical evidence of it.
However, it is debatable, whether HIV protease inhibitors could
effectively inhibit the 3-chymotrypsin-like, as well as, papain-like
proteases of 2019-nCoV, although, Disulfiram could possibly be screened
against 2019-nCoV by facilities that have sufficient capabilities of
bio-containment {[}37{]}{[}47{]}.9-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2 outbreak.

\textbf{Griffithsin}

Griffithsin, a lectin derived from red algae, binds on the surface of
various viral glycoproteins to oligosaccharides including HIV
glycoprotein 120 and SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein2. Griffithsin has low
cytotoxicity, is likely to interfere with any coronavirus spike protein
due to it is highly glycosylated nature, and may impede the role of
coronavirus spike protein. GRFT has been shown to inhibit
SARS-CoVreplicationand cytopathicity, as well as other coronaviridae
viruses {[}48{]} {[}49{]}. In particular, in Vero 76 cells, GRFT
inhibited various strains of SARS - infectionwith a low nanomolar EC50
with limited toxicity on control cells. GRFT can bind with glycans to
the surface of the glycoprotein (S protein). A total of three GRFT
molecules are capable of binding the S with very high affinity in a
dose, a lower number compared to HIV which is presumably due to the
lower number of high glycans on the S surface. Interestingly, such an
association does not restrict the binding of SARS-CoV S glycoprotein to
the human angiotensin I conversion enzyme 2 (ACE2) host cell {[}49{]}.
Griffithsin has been studied as a gel or enema for HIV prevention in
phase I trials, but the efficacy and delivery mechanisms of spike
inhibitors should be re-evaluated for the 2019-nCoV treatment or
prevention.

\textbf{Cobicistat}

Cobicistat (formerly GS-9350) is a recent pharmacokinetic enhancer with
no antiviral function, which still inhibits CYP3A, although more
specifically than \emph{in vitro} Ritonavir {[}51{]}. Cobicistat is
indicated in conjunction with other antiretroviral agents to increase
systemic exposure of atazanavir or darunavir (once daily dosing regimen)
in the care of HIV-1 infection. Growing systemic antiretroviral exposure
(ARVs) without increasing dose allows for improved patient outcomes and
a reduced profile of side effects. In Phase I trials, cobicistat was
shown to be a comparable therapeutic enhancer to ritonavir in
combination with atazanavir, integrase inhibitor elvitegravir, or
midazolam (a CYP3A test substrate) {[}52{]}. An atazanavir / cobicistat
dependent regimen provided efficacy and protection comparable to an
atazanavir / ritonavir regimen in phase II studies {[}50{]}. However, a
randomized trial at the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (SPHCC)
evaluating Cobicistat for COVID-19 has shown that it has not been
successful and can be reassessed.

\textbf{Darunavir}

The Chinese authorities have indicated that Darunavir against 2019-nCoV
may be successful. \emph{In vitro} cell studies have shown that
Darunavir can effectively inhibit replication of the new strain, at a
concentration of 300 micromolar, according to preliminary research
Darunavir, in conjunction with cobicistat, will be used in patients with
COVID-19 pneumonia in trial number NCT04252274 (50). Such a mixture is
currently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) in AIDS treatment. Darunavir is another HIV protease inhibitor and
cobicistat, like ritonavir, is a booster to enhance the pharmacokinetics
and pharmacodynamics of darunavir by inhibiting cytochrome P450 (CYP3A)
{[}53{]} {[}54{]}. Due to in vitro evidence that supports its ability to
fight this infection, Darunavir is being studied as a potential cure for
SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 {[}52{]}. Clinical
trials are under progress and are scheduled to end in August 2020.

Several registered clinical trials are currently being conducted
globally to evaluate the efficacy of the drugs against COVID-19
(Table-1)

\textbf{Table 1: Ongoing Clinical Trials of Potential Drugs for the
Treatment of COVID-19}

\textbf{(Antivirals and Antimalarials)}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Clinical trial ID No. (Registry)}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Intervention to prevent infection}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Participant size}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Randomized}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Status}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Country (Pharma.)}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Antiviral}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Antiviral}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Antiviral}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Antiviral}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Antiviral}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Antiviral}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2020-000936-23 (EU-CTR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: lopinavir/ritonavir \textbf{Arm B}: interferon beta 1a
\textbf{Arm C}: remdesivir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3000\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
France\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04302766 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: remdesivir Arm B: standard treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unspecified\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unspecified\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Available\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
USA\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04292899 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: remdesivir Arm B: standard treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
400\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
USA \& Asia\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04292730 (ClinicalTrials.gov\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: remdesivir Arm B: standard treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
600\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
USA \& Asia\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04280705 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: remdesivir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
394\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
USA \& South Koria\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2020-000841-15 (EU-CTR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: remdesivir \textbf{Arm B}: standard treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
400\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Worldwide\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2020-000842-32 (EU-CTR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: remdesivir \textbf{Arm B}: standard treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
600\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Worldwide\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04252664 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: remdesivir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
308\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04257656 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: remdesivir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
453\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04315948 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: remdesivir \textbf{Arm B}: standard treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
France\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029600 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: favipiravir and interferon alpha atomisation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
90\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029544 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: favipiravir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029548 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: favipiravir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04273763 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: favipiravir and bromhexine (mucolytic), umifenovir,
interferon a2b\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
60\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China (WanBangDe Pharm. Group)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030113 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: favipiravir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030254 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: favipiravir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
240\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030987 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: favipiravir and chloroquine \textbf{Arm B}:
favipiravir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
150\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04310228 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: favipiravir and tocilizumab \textbf{Arm B}:
favipiravir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
150\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
JPRN-jRCTs041190120 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: immediate favipiravir (Day 1--10) \textbf{Arm B}:
delayed favipiravir (Day 6--15)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
86\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Japan\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029996 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: low-dose favipiravir \textbf{Arm B}: medium-dose
favipiravir \textbf{Arm C}: high-dose favipiravir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
60\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04303299 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Arm A: lopinavir/ritonavir and favipiravir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
80\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Thailand\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030922 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: ribavirin and interferon alpha 2a \textbf{Arm B}:
umifenovir and ribavirin\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04276688 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: ribavirin + lopinavir/ritonavir + interferon beta
1b\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
70\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Hong Kong\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029387 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: ribavirin and interferon alpha-1b \textbf{Arm B}:
ribavirin, lopinavir/ritonavir, and interferon alpha-1b\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
108\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unspecified\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029609 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A (mild--moderate):} chloroquine \textbf{Arm B
(mild--moderate):} lopinavir/ritonavir + chloroquine \textbf{Arm C
(severe):} chloroquine\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
205\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04303299 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: oseltamivir and chloroquine\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
80\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Thailand\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
IRCT20100228003449N27 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ ritonavir, and interferon
beta 1b \textbf{Arm B}: hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Iran\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
IRCT20100228003449N28 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ ritonavir, and interferon
beta 1a \textbf{Arm B}: hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Iran\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
IRCT20100228003449N29 (ICTPR\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ ritonavir, and
sofosbuvir/ledipasvir \textbf{Arm B}: hydroxychloroquine and
lopinavir/ritonavir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Iran\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
JPRN-jRCTs031190227 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unspecified\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Japan\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04315948 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: remdesivir \textbf{Arm B}: lopinavir/ritonavir
\textbf{Arm C}: lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon beta 1a \textbf{Arm
D}: hydroxychloroquine \textbf{Arm E}: standard treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
France\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04273763 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: bromhexine (mucolytic), umifenovir, interferon a2b, and
favipiravir \textbf{Arm B}: umifenovir and interferon a2b\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
60\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030254 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: favipiravir \textbf{Arm B}: umifenovir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
240\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030922 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: interferon alpha 2a and ribavirin \textbf{Arm B}:
umifenovir and ribavirin\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04252885 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: lopinavir/ritonavir + basic treatment (unspecified)
\textbf{Arm B}: umifenovir + basic treatment (unspecified)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
125\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029573 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: umifenovir \textbf{Arm B}: Novaferon and umifenovir
\textbf{Arm C}: lopinavir/ritonavir \textbf{Arm D}: umifenovir
\textbf{Arm E}: novaferon and lopinavir/ritonavir \textbf{Arm F}:
novaferon and umifenovir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
480\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029621 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: umifenovir \textbf{Arm B}: standard treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
380\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04254874 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: umifenovir \textbf{Arm B}: umifenovir and pegylated
interferon alpha 2b\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04255017 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: umifenovir \textbf{Arm B}: oseltamivir \textbf{Arm C}:
lopinavir/ritonavir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
400\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029993 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: umifenovir and Liushen capsule \textbf{Arm B}: standard
treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029592 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: umifenovir \textbf{Arm B}: without umifenovir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unspecified\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04261270 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: ASC09 and oseltamivir \textbf{Arm B}: ritonavir and
oseltamivir \textbf{Arm C}: oseltamivir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
60\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04303299 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: oseltamivir and chloroquine \textbf{Arm B}:
lopinavir/ritonavir and favipiravir \textbf{Arm C}: lopinavir/ritonavir
and oseltamivir \textbf{Arm D}: lopinavir/ritonavir and
oseltamivir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
80\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Thailand\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029609 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A} \textbf{(mild--moderate):} lopinavir/ritonavir
\textbf{Arm B} \textbf{(mild--moderate):} lopinavir/ritonavir +
chloroquine \textbf{Arm C (severe):} lopinavir/ritonavir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
205\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029600 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: interferon alpha atomisation \textbf{Arm B}:
lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon alpha atomisation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
90\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04261907 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: ASC09/ritonavir \textbf{Arm B}:
lopinavir/ritonavir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
160\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China (Ascletis Pharm)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029548 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: baloxavir marboxil \textbf{Arm B}: favipiravir
\textbf{Arm C}: lopinavir/ritonavir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029541 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: darunavir/cobicistat and thymosin \textbf{Arm B}:
lopinavir/ritonavir and thymosin \textbf{Arm C}: thymosin\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04291729 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: darunavir/ritonavir and atomised interferon \textbf{Arm
B}: peginterferon a2 \textbf{Arm C}: interferon alpha (Novaferon)
\textbf{Arm D}: lopinavir/ritonavir \textbf{Arm E}: atomised interferon
+ Chinese medicine (unspecified)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China (Ascletis Pharm)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030535 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: ebastine and interferon alpha inhalation and lopinavir
\textbf{Arm B}: interferon alpha inhalation and lopinavir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2020-001113-21 (EU-CTR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: lopinavir/ritonavir \textbf{Arm B}: dexamethasone
\textbf{Arm C}: interferon beta 1a \textbf{Arm D}: placebo\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2000\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
UK\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029468 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: lopinavir/ritonavir and emtricitabine/tenofovir
\textbf{Arm B}: lopinavir/ritonavir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
120\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unspecified\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030166 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon alpha 2b and Qing-Wen
Bai-Du-Yin granules \textbf{Arm B}: lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon
alpha 2b\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030218 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: lopinavir/ritonavir and Xiyanping injection \textbf{Arm
B}: ritonavir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
80\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unspecified\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029539 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: lopinavir/ritonavir \textbf{Arm B}: standard
treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
328\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029496 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: Novaferon atomisation inhalation \textbf{Arm B}:
lopinavir/ritonavir \textbf{Arm C}: Novaferon and
lopinavir/ritonavir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
90\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04252274 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: darunavir and cobicistat \textbf{Arm B}: standard
treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04304053 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: darunavir/cobicistat \textbf{Arm B}: isolation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3040\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Spain\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Antimalarial}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Antimalarial}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Antimalarial}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Antimalarial}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Antimalarial}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Antimalarial}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030031 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: chloroquine\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
120\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029988 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: chloroquine \textbf{Arm B}: standard treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
80\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unspecified\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029939 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: chloroquine \textbf{Arm B}: standard treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029975 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: chloroquine\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029837 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: chloroquine\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
120\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029935 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: chloroquine\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029542 (ICTPR\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: chloroquine \textbf{Arm B}: standard treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unspecified\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030718 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: chloroquine \textbf{Arm B}: standard treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
80\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029898 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine \textbf{Arm B}: chloroquine\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04261517 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine \textbf{Arm B}: standard of
care\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030054 (ICTPR\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine \textbf{Arm B}: standard
treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029868 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine \textbf{Arm B}: standard
treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
200\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029740 (ICTPR\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine \textbf{Arm B}: standard
treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
78\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029899 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine \textbf{Arm B}: chloroquine\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04316377 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine \textbf{Arm B}: standard
treatment\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
202\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Norway\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NCT04315896 (ClinicalTrials.gov)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine \textbf{Arm B}: placebo\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
500\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Mexico\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029559 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine \textbf{Arm B}:
hydroxychloroquine\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
300\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Unspecified\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029803 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: hydroxychloroquine (low dose) \textbf{Arm B}:
hydroxychloroquine (high dose)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
320\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000030082 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: dihydroartemisinin/ piperaquine tablets combined with
antiviral treatment (presumed alpha-interferon + umifenovir) \textbf{Arm
B}: alpha-interferon + umifenovir\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Suspended\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ChiCTR2000029803 (ICTPR)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{Arm A}: umifenovir (low dose) \textbf{Arm B}: umifenovir (high
dose)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
320\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Yes\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Not recruiting\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
China\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Conclusion}

It is a pivotal time in overcoming the current outbreak of the
2019-nCoV. The decoction of the specified drugs listed should be
assessed for their efficacy and safety and stability, and should also be
evaluated for the treatment and recovery of patients suffering from the
2019-nCoV in carefully planned clinical trials, either used alone or
integrated with other drugs. Many of the potential drugs under different
phases of clinical trials (eg: Remdesivir, Lopinavir, Ritonavir,
Darunavir, Cobicistat etc. are in phase III, Oseltamivir is in phase IV
of clinical trials, and many others are in preclinical stage of trials)
can be successful in battling COVID-19 {[}10{]}{[}37{]}{[}43{]}{[}47{]}.
The vital ethical concern in the COVID-19 setting for the administration
of repurposable drugs are experimental and, thus, require ethical or
off-label approval of trials {[}55{]}. We will keep cautiously
optimistic before releasing successful clinical trial results as the
lessons from a recent public panic buying spree, which revealed results
of a preliminary study and induced irrational purchases overnight,
should also be taken into account. In this study, our approach will
reduce the translational gap between preclinical research results and
clinical outcomes, which is a major problem in the rapid production of
successful drugs, discovered for the emerging 2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2
outbreak.

\textbf{Declaration of competing interest}

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

\textbf{Author contributions}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllllll@{}}
\toprule
\textbf{Authors} & \textbf{Conceptualization} & \textbf{Data Curation} &
\textbf{Resources} & \textbf{Original draft writing} & \textbf{Citation}
& \textbf{Editing and approval of final article} &
\textbf{Supervision}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
F.B.Mina & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & No\tabularnewline
M.S.Rahman & Yes & Yes & Yes & No & No & Yes & No\tabularnewline
S.Das & Yes & Yes & Yes & No & Yes & No & No\tabularnewline
S.Karmakar & Yes & No & No & No & No & Yes & Yes\tabularnewline
M.Billah & Yes & Yes & No & No & Yes & Yes & Yes\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Funding}

None of the authors has any financial supports to complete the content
of the manuscript.

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