REFERENCES
Ayele, G.K., Addisie, M.B., Langendoen, E.J., Tegegne, N.H., Tilahun,
S.A., Moges, M.A., Nicholson, C.F., Steenhuis, T.S., 2018. Evaluating
erosion control practices in an actively gullying watershed in the
highlands of Ethiopia. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 43, 2835–2843.
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4436
Belayneh, M., Yirgu, T., Tsegaye, D., 2019. Effects of soil and water
conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in Gumara
watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Ecol. Process. 8.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2
Berkes, F., Folke, C., Colding, J., 2000. Linking social and ecological
systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building
resilience vol 1.
Blake, W., Rabinovich, A., Wynants, M., Kelly, C., Nasseri, M., Ngondya,
I., Patrick, A., Mtei, K., Munishi, L., Boeckx, P., Navas, A., Smith,
H., Gilvear, D., Wilson, G., Roberts, N., Ndakidemi, P., 2018. Soil
erosion in East Africa: an interdisciplinary approach to realising
pastoral land management change. Environ. Res. Lett.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaea8b
Bracken, L.J., Wainwright, J., Ali, G.A., Tetzlaff, D., Smith, M.W.,
Reaney, S.M., Roy, A.G., 2013. Concepts of hydrological connectivity:
Research approaches, pathways and future agendas. Earth-Science Rev.
119, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.02.001
Brown, K., 2002. Innovations for conservation and development. Geogr. J.
168, 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4959.00034
Chapagain, T., Raizada, M.N., 2017. Agronomic Challenges and
Opportunities for Smallholder Terrace Agriculture in Developing
Countries. Front. Plant Sci. 8, 331.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00331
Cobo, J.G., Dercon, G., Cadisch, G., 2010. Nutrient balances in African
land use systems across different spatial scales: A review of
approaches, challenges and progress. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.11.006
Collier, J.J., Collier, M., 1986. Visual anthropology: Photography as a
research method (revised and expanded edition). University of New Mexico
Press.
Dercon, G., Deckers, J., Govers, G., Poesen, J., Sánchez, H., Vanegas,
R., Ramírez, M., Loaiza, G., 2003. Spatial variability in soil
properties on slow-forming terraces in the Andes region of Ecuador. Soil
Tillage Res. 72, 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00049-7
FAO, 2019. Let’s #StopSoilErosion to ensure a food secure future
| FAO Stories | Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations [WWW Document]. URL
http://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/en/c/1192794/ (accessed 3.23.20).
German, L., 2018. Catalyzing self-governance: Addressing multi-faceted
collective action dilemmas in densely settled agrarian landscapes. Int.
J. Commons 12, 217–250. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.852
Gourfi, A., Daoudi, L., Shi, Z., 2018. The assessment of soil erosion
risk, sediment yield and their controlling factors on a large scale:
Example of Morocco. J. African Earth Sci. 147, 281–299.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.06.028
Harper, D., 2002. Talking about pictures: A case for photo elicitation.
Vis. Stud. 17, 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725860220137345
Hiemstra-van der Horst, G., Hovorka, A.J., 2009. Fuelwood: The “other”
renewable energy source for Africa? Biomass and Bioenergy 33,
1605–1616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.08.007
Homewood, K., Coast, E., Thompson, M., 2004. In-Migrants and Exclusion
in East African Rangelands: Access, Tenure and Conflict. Africa (Lond).
74, 567–610. https://doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.567
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction., African Conservation
Tillage Network., 2005. Conservation agriculture : a manual for farmers
and extension workers in Africa. International Institute of Rural
Reconstruction.
Jayne, T.S., Chamberlin, J., Headey, D.D., 2014. Land pressures, the
evolution of farming systems, and development strategies in Africa: A
synthesis. Food Policy 48, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.05.014
Kagabo, D.M., Stroosnijder, L., Visser, S.M., Moore, D., 2013. Soil
erosion, soil fertility and crop yield on slow-forming terraces in the
highlands of Buberuka, Rwanda. Soil Tillage Res. 128, 23–29.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.11.002
Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., Derpsch, R., 2019. Global spread of
Conservation Agriculture. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 76, 29–51.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2018.1494927
Korotayev, A., Zinkina, J., 2015. East Africa in the Malthusian Trap? J.
Dev. Soc. 31, 385–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X15590322
Kuyah, S., Whitney, C.W., Jonsson, M., Sileshi, G.W., Öborn, I.,
Muthuri, C.W., Luedeling, E., 2019. Agroforestry delivers a win-win
solution for ecosystem services in sub-Saharan Africa. A meta-analysis.
Agron. Sustain. Dev. 39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-019-0589-8
Laker, M.C., Nortjé, G.P., 2019. Review of existing knowledge on soil
crusting in South Africa, in: Advances in Agronomy. Academic Press Inc.,
pp. 189–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2019.01.002
Lal, R., 2001. Soil degradation by erosion. L. Degrad. Dev. 12,
519–539. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.472
Little, P.D., 1996. Pastoralism, biodiversity, and the shaping of
savanna landscapes in East Africa. Africa (Lond). 66, 37–51.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1161510
Mesfin, S., Taye, G., Desta, Y., Sibhatu, B., Muruts, H., Mohammedbrhan,
M., 2018. Short-term effects of bench terraces on selected soil physical
and chemical properties: landscape improvement for hillside farming in
semi-arid areas of northern Ethiopia. Environ. Earth Sci. 77.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7528-x
Moore, M.L., Westley, F., 2011. Surmountable chasms: Networks and social
innovation for resilient systems. Ecol. Soc. 16.
https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03812-160105
Nearing, M., Pruski, F.F., O’Neal, M.R., 2004. Expected climate change
impacts on soil erosion rates: A review. J. Soil Water Conserv. 59.
Ngecu, W.M., Mathu, E.M., 1999. The El-Nino-triggered landslides and
their socioeconomic impact on Kenya. Environ. Geol. 38, 277–284.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050425
Nishigaki, T., Sugihara, S., Kilasara, M., Funakawa, S., 2017. Surface
Runoff Generation and Soil Loss Under Different Soil and Rainfall
Properties in The Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. L. Degrad. Dev. 28,
283–293. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2499
Odgaard, R., 2002. Scrambling for land in Tanzania: Process of
formalisation and legitimisation of land rights. Eur. J. Dev. Res. 14,
71–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/714000434
Oldeman, L.R., 1991. Global Extent of Soil Degradation, ISRIC Bi-Annual
Report.
Pretty, J., 2003. Social Capital and the Collective Management of
Resources. Science (80-. ). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090847
Pretty, J.N., 1995. Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture.
World Dev. 23, 1247–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00046-F
Rabinovich, A., Kelly, C., Wilson, G., Nasseri, M., Ngondya, I.,
Patrick, A., Blake, W.H., Mtei, K., Munishi, L., Ndakidemi, P., 2019.
“We will change whether we want it or not”: Soil erosion in Maasai
land as a social dilemma and a challenge to community resilience. J.
Environ. Psychol. 66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101365
Reed, M.S., Vella, S., Challies, E., de Vente, J., Frewer, L.,
Hohenwallner-Ries, D., Huber, T., Neumann, R.K., Oughton, E.A., Sidoli
del Ceno, J., van Delden, H., 2017. A theory of participation: What
makes stakeholder and public engagement in environmental management
work? Restor. Ecol. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12541
Rufino, M.C., Thornton, P.K., Ng’ang’a, S.K., Mutie, I., Jones, P.G.,
van Wijk, M.T., Herrero, M., 2013. Transitions in agro-pastoralist
systems of East Africa: Impacts on food security and poverty. Agric.
Ecosyst. Environ. 179, 215–230.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.08.019
Ruttan, L.M., Borgerhoff Mulder, M., 1999. Are east African pastoralists
truly conservationists? Curr. Anthropol. 40, 621–652.
https://doi.org/10.1086/300086
Smith, J.D.V., Strauss, J.A., Hardie, A.G., 2019. Effects of long-term
grazed crop and pasture systems under no-till on organic matter
fractions and selected quality parameters of soil in the Overberg, South
Africa. South African J. Plant Soil.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2019.1640298
Vanmaercke, M., Poesen, J., Broeckx, J., Nyssen, J., 2014. Sediment
yield in Africa. Earth-Science Rev. 136, 350–368.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.06.004
Veldhuis, M.P., Ritchie, M.E., Ogutu, J.O., Morrison, T.A., Beale, C.M.,
Estes, A.B., Mwakilema, W., Ojwang, G.O., Parr, C.L., Probert, J.,
Wargute, P.W., Grant Hopcraft, J.C., Olff, H., 2019. Cross-boundary
human impacts compromise the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem. Science (80-. ).
363, 1424–1428. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0564
Wynants, M., Kelly, C., Mtei, K., Munishi, L., Patrick, A., Rabinovich,
A., Nasseri, M., Gilvear, D., Roberts, N., Boeckx, P., Wilson, G.,
Blake, W.H., Ndakidemi, P., 2019. Drivers of increased soil erosion in
East Africa’s agro-pastoral systems: changing interactions between the
social, economic and natural domains. Reg. Environ. Chang.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01520-9
Wynants, M., Millward, G., Patrick, A., Taylor, A., Munishi, L., Mtei,
K., Brendonck, L., Gilvear, D., Boeckx, P., Ndakidemi, P., Blake, W.H.,
2020. Determining tributary sources of increased sedimentation in
East-African Rift Lakes. Sci. Total Environ. 717, 137266.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137266
Wynants, M., Solomon, H., Ndakidemi, P., Blake, W.H., 2018. Pinpointing
areas of increased soil erosion risk following land cover change in the
Lake Manyara catchment, Tanzania. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 71,
1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2018.05.008