Plasma analysis
At the end of the study, fasted mice for eight hours and injected of ketamine/xylazine (i.p. ). After the mice were fully anesthetized, collected the whole blood from abdominal aorta in a tube containing 1 mM EDTA for the measurement of relevant plasma parameters. Killed the mice by cervical decapitation. Weighed the tissues of interest and freeze-clamped or fixed them in a 4% formaldehyde solution. The whole blood was centrifuged at a speed of 3,000 rpm for 30 minutes, and the supernatant was separated and applied to the determination of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglyceride by using correspondent kits (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China), or detection of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin by the ELISA detection kit (Abcam, USA).