Abbreviations
T2DM, Type II Diabetes mellitus; CAG, cycloastragenol; AST,
astragaloside IV; SGLTs, sodium-glucose cotransporters; ZDF rats, Zuker
diabetic fatty rat; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; SLCs, solute
carriers; 2NBDG, 2-(N -(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)
amino)-2-deoxyglucose; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; H&E,
hematoxylin and eosin; PAS, periodicacid-schiff stain; MetS, metabolic
syndromes; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol; 14C-AMG, [14C]methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, TGF-β1,
transforming growth factor beta-1.