Abbreviations
T2DM, Type II Diabetes mellitus; CAG, cycloastragenol; AST, astragaloside IV; SGLTs, sodium-­glucose cotransporters; ZDF rats, Zuker diabetic fatty rat; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; SLCs, solute carriers; 2NBDG, 2-(N -(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-2-deoxyglucose; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; PAS, periodicacid-schiff stain; MetS, metabolic syndromes; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 14C-AMG, [14C]methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta-1.